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realitiesofmodernstateanditshierarchicalbureaucraticstructureswhich,
afactworthbearinginmind,arenotfreefrommoreorlessinformalconnec-
tionseither.4AtleastasearlyastheHellenicera,theliteratureofantiquitycher-
ishedthevisionofajustruler,andthereforeonewhorespectslaws,among
otherthings.Ontopofthat,lateAntiquitywasdistinguishedbytheconviction
thatoneshouldrespectthekindoflawwithwhichonecouldbecomeacquaint-
edandwhichwaslucid.5Inthissense,oneofthecontemporaryresearchersis
perfectlyjustifiedinwritingaboutHexpectationofjusticeinthetimesofAu-
gustine”,whichwascompletelydifferentfromthepaganelementsoflegal
criticismknownfromearlierauthors.6
Theexpectationismanifestedinthemottoofthiswork-afragmentof
anonymoustreatiseentitledDerebusbellicisfromthelatefourthortheearly
fifthcentury.7ThisisanelementofthebroadertendencyinLateAntiquity,
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4Irrespectiveofpotentialdoubts,itmaybeassumedthattheadministrationoftheLater
EmpirepossessedatleastsomeofthetraitsdefinedinMaxWeber’sclassicconceptofBureau-
cracy.OnthatsubjectseeNoethlichs(1981):esp.34-37.Theauthorattemptedacomprehensive
compilationoforganisationalprinciplesandrulesofoperationofLaterRomanadministration
incomparativeapproachandconclusivelydemonstratedthefutilityofsuchattempts(ibidem:
207-222).ThevaguepictureofdivisionofjuridicalcompetenceswasvividlydepictedbyJones
(1964):374,481.OnWeber’sconceptseee.g.Sokalska(2003).
5Inviewofthevariousformsofprovisionsinimperialconstitutions,especiallyinC.Th.
(cf.Mommsen[1905a]:CLIII-CLIX)ithasbeensuggestedthattheyenteredintoforceupon
theirissuance(datio).Seee.g.Sirks(2007b):86-91,116-121;Puliatti(2008):esp.108etseq.,112et
seq.;Kreutzsaler(2009)-thelatterwiththetheorythatpublicationbecamesignificantonlyunder
JustinianIan,giventhecontext,stressestheimportanceofNov.Iust38(a.538);Sirks(2012).
Therealsoreferencestopreviousauthorswhohadadvancedthethesisclaimingsignificanceof
publicationforthebindingforceofimperialconstitutions-e.g.Mommsen(1905a):CLVI;Seeck
(1919):9;Matthews(2000):187-189;Kaiser(2010).Onthesignificanceofpublicationofstatutory
lawinRomeseealsoSchwind(1940),inparticular128-184concerningimperialconstitutions.
TheauthorunderlinestheemphasisthatCodexTheodosianusputontheissueespeciallyinNovellae
Posttheodosianae,whichmakeimperialconsitutionssubjecttothepublicationrequirementthat
hadbeenknowninGreekπόAElgandwasadoptedinthepracticeofEasternRomanedictsof
provincegovernors(ibidem:177-180).Publicationofimperialconstitutionwaseffectedthrough
edictissuedbytheofficialtowhomitwasaddressed.Cf.Classen(1977):94etseq.
6Uhalde(2007).OntheexpectationsofbeingensuredjusticeseealsoMatthews(2005):
10-30;Humfress(2007):17-18.InhisanalysisoftheideaofRomeinLateAntiquity,Kreutz
(2008),stressedthatinthatveryperioditwasassociatedwiththeconceptofstabilizationof
law,drawingonthetermofHlegalistischeMentalität”whichappearsinliteratureconcerned
withRomanhistory(e.g.ibidem:201).Onthemotifsencounteredincriticsoflaw,particularly
inthePrincipateera,see.Nörr(1974).Incidentally,thelatterauthoradvocatedtheideaof
propagatingcodificationoflaw,asexpressedinthefinalfragmentoftheanonymousDerebus
bellicis21-Nörr(1963).
7Amongrecentworksseeesp.Brandt(1988)andveryrecentSánchezVendramini(2009)
withfurtherliterature.Theconcernsabouttheiractualsignificanceareoutlinedanddiscussed
in:Wiewiorowski(2012d).
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