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MatteoCasenove,KajaKowalczewska
theAPTsamples,itisimpossibletocreateacommonanalysisframeworkfor
theclassificationofAPTs.Whatunifiesthemistheirpoliticalnature,which
inconsequenceraisesalegitimatequestionastothepossibleresponseofan
attackedstate,andprovesthatonlyalimitedcategoryofcybereventsmay
subjecttolegalanalysis.
Bytes,Bullets,orBoth?
UndertheregimeoftheUNCharter,theuseofforceisconsiderably
limited,althoughnottotallyexcluded.ThephrasingoftheUNCharter,
combinedwithfivedifferentoriginallanguageversions,doesnotmakethe
analysisofAPTsanyeasier.Acarefulreaderwillsoonconcludethatthe
Charterreferstovariousnotionswithoutexplainingthem,and,whatismore,
displaystosomeextentalackofinternalcohesionwhenitcomestothe
conceptssuchas“useofforce,”“useofarmedforce”and“armedattack.”In
themid1940s,theinternationalcommunityatleastagreedthatthenotionof
theuseofforcedidnotincludetheuseofeconomicdominance,aspostulated
bycountriesfromtheSovietbloc,andwouldbelimitedtotheconventional
useofarmedforce.
Consequently,Article519andChapterVII10aretheonlybasisfordefining
alegallyacceptedthreatoruseofforce,thoughtheydonotprovidethe
internationalcommunitywithaprecisedefinitionofeither.Accordingtothe
generalapproach,thecategoryof“armedattack”constitutesaqualifiedsub-
categoryofthewiderterm“useofforce.”Oneoftheapproachesisalsothe
negativedefinitionofarmedattack,asanactcrossingthethresholdofArticle
41oftheUNCharter.Thisstatesthatthefollowingactionscannotbeclassified
astheuseofarmedforce:“completeorpartialinterruptionofeconomic
relationsandofrail,sea,air,postal,telegraphic,radioandothermeansof
communication[which,nowadays,wewouldunderstandtoincludemobile
phonenetworksandtheinternetaswell],andtheseveranceofdiplomatic
relations.”Consequently,anarmedattackisqualifiedasasomehowmore
seriousact,whichreachesarelevantthresholdofseriousness.
9
“NothinginthepresentChartershallimpairtheinherentrightofindividualorcollective
selfdefenceifanarmedattackoccursagainstaMemberoftheUnitedNations,until
theSecurityCouncilhastakenmeasuresnecessarytomaintaininternationalpeaceand
security...
.,”Art.51,UNCharter.
10
ActionwithRespecttoThreatstothePeace,BreachesofthePeace,andActsofAggression.
10
ThePolishQuarterlyofInternationalAffairs,2015,no.3
