Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
APT—theNewCyberforce?
TheotherapproachresultsfromthejudicialactivityofInternational
CourtofJustice(ICJ),whichisfacedwiththechallengeofdefininganall-
embracingnotionofarmedattackthatcanbeappliedtodifferentcases,11
butwhichhassofarfailedtosatisfytheinternationalcommunity’sneedfor
adecisiveresolutionontheexactdesignationofanarmedattack.However,
itshouldbenotedthatoneoftheincentivesunderlyingtheICJ’snarrow
approachtowardsarmedattackistolimitastate’sunilateraldecisiontouse
ofself-defence,whichcouldeasilyleadtoanescalationofacrisisintoan
armedconflict.
Consequently,anarmedattackaswellasamereresponsetoit,inself
defence,hastobeexaminedseparatelyineachcase,forexample,byreferring
totheguidelinesdrawnupbytheICJ.Especiallyifsuchanattackoriginates
incyberspace,12anewtypeofbattlefield,suchaninterpretationmaybemore
thanchallenging.13
Thenotionofacyberattackhasrecentlygainedalotofattention,
particularlyfromthemilitaryandpublicauthoritiesconcernedwiththe
securityofcriticalinfrastructure.Thiswasdemonstratedbytheadoptionof
anewcyberdefencepolicyandaccompanyingactionplanbyNATOdefence
ministersinJune2011,14andthecurrentprojectofNATO’sCooperative
CyberdefenceCentreofExcellenceinTallinn,whichaimstorevisethe2013
TallinnManual.15Also,theEUadoptedtheCybersecurityStrategyforthe
EuropeanUnion,16andtheEuropeanCommissionsubmittedaproposalfor
aDirectiveonNetworkandInformationSecurity,17inorderto“putforward
11
ICJ,Nicaraguav.UnitedStatesofAmerica,Merits,1986,para.176,theLegalityofthe
ThreatorUseofNuclearWeaponsAdvisoryOpinion,1996,paras41-48,IslamicRepublic
ofIranv.UnitedStatesofAmerica,2003,para.76,thePalestinianWallCase,Advisory
Opinion,2004,para.139,DemocraticRepublicoftheCongov.Uganda,2005,para.145.
12
Oneoftheclassicaldefinitionsisframingcyberspaceas“computernetworks+people+
procedures.”
13
U.S.DepartmentofDefense,QuadrennialDefenseReviewReport,February2010,
pp.37-45.
14
DefendingtheNetworks:TheNATOPolicyonCyberDefence,2011,www.nato.int.
15
M.Schmitt(ed.),TheTallinnManualontheInternationalLawApplicabletoCyber
Warfare,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,2013.
16
EuropeanCommission,CommunicationonaCybersecurityStrategyoftheEuropean
Union—AnOpen,SafeandSecureCyberspace,2013,http://ec.europa.eu.
17
EuropeanCommission,CommissionProposalforaDirectiveconcerningmeasures
toensureahighcommonlevelofnetworkandinformationsecurityacrosstheUnion,
7February2013,http://ec.europa.eu.
ThePolishQuarterlyofInternationalAffairs,2015,no.3
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