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12
20Methods
jorityofplantspeciesandtheircommunitiesoccurringinthelakessituated
inNWPoland0Ineachlake,between1and3transects,i0e0stripsofthebot-
tom,wereestablished0Eachofthemwas25–50mwideand10–100mlong,
perpendiculartotheshorelineanddividedintodepthzonesevery1m,from
theshoretothedeepestdepthzonewithmacrophytes,asintheworksby
Madsen,Adams(1988),Madsen(1993)andSzmeja(1994a,2006)0Adiverran-
domlycollectedfrom10to20plantsamples,001m2each,fromallthedepth
zonesfollowingthemethodsuggestedbyBanaśetal0(2012)0
Theanalysesofunderwatercommunitieswerebasedon15143plant
samplescollectedin775depthzonesof161lakes010692plantsampleswith
atleastonespecies(including10603sampleswithsubmergedplants)and
4451sampleswithoutplantsweretakenintoconsideration0Thelatterwere
usedtocalculatethefrequencyofspeciesinthelakes0Thesampleswere
groupedintospecies,driedtoconstantweightandweighedwithanaccuracy
of00001gd0w0(Westlake1965)0Thespeciesofplantsweredeterminedbased
onCasper,Krausch(1980),Smith(1978,1990),Hedenas(1993),Rutkowski
(2008)andZalewska-Gałosz(2008),andthenomenclaturewastakenfrom
Krause(1997),Mireketal0(2002),Ochyraetal0(2003),Szweykowski(2006),
Zalewska-Gałosz(2008)andPliński,Szmeja(2013)0
2.2.Methodsofenvironmentaltesting
Theenvironmentalconditionsincommunitiesweredeterminedonthebasis
ofsedimentandabove-sedimentwaterinthedepthzones0Intotal,2325wa-
tersampleswerecollected,005dm3each,and2325sedimentsamplesin775
depthzonesof161lakes0
Accordingtotheliterature,theformationofspeciesassemblagesandtheir
spatialorganisationinlakesmaybeinfluencedbyPARlightintensity(photo-
syntheticallyactiveradiation)(vandenBergetal02003),oxygenationandtem-
perature(Rooney,Kalff2000),pH(Titusetal01990),conductivity(Toivonen,
Huttunen1995),concentrationsofnitrogen,carbonandphosphorus(Mur-
phyetal02003),aswellasanumberofsedimentproperties(Lehmannetal0
1997;Gafny,Gasith1999)0Therefore,theanalysisofthephysicalandchemi-
calwaterpropertieswasbasedonpH,redoxpotential,conductivity,colour,
watervisibility,waterhardness,concentrationsofcalcium,nitrogen,phos-
phorus,humicacids,CO
2andHCO
3
-,watertemperature,oxygenationand
irradiance(PARlightintensity)0Watertemperature,oxygenation(Oximeter
ProfiLineOXI197),irradiance(LiCORLi-250lightmeter),pH,redoxpotential
