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Chapter1.Publicregisters
thepropertywasmarkedoutbysettingupboundaryboulders,andthecontent
ofthedeedoftransferofownershipitselfwaswrittendownpubliclyonwooden
tablets,eitherbeforearepresentativeoftheauthority(praetororgovernor)oras
aresultoflegalactionsrequiringwitnessesandapersonresponsibleforthefair
determinationofpayment.39
TheinstitutionoflandsurveyingwasalsoknowninPoland.Duringthe
reignofSigismundIIAugustus,intheyears1549-1561,rstinthepropertyof
QueenBona,andthenintheGrandDucalEstatesinLithuania,Samogitiaand
Podlasie,anagriculturalreformcalledVolok-basedlandsurvey(pomiarwłóczy)
wascarriedout.40On1April1557,SigismundIIAugustusissuedtheflVolok-based
landsurvey”act,amendedandsupplementedon20October1557andin1558.It
consistedindividingtheland,dependingonitspurpose,intoregistrationunits
(Voloks),forwhichmeasurementregistersandmapswereestablished,which
constitutedthebasicdocumentthatenabledpropertystatustobedetermined
andpropertytobedemarcatedion.Thesedocumentswereuseduntilthe
cadastralcampaignattheturnofthe18thand19thcenturies.InLithuania,
thesemeasurementsretainedtheirevidentialvalueinboundarydisputesandthe
enfranchisementofpeasantsuntilthemiddleofthe19thcentury.41
InthePrussianpartofthepartitionedterritories,theestablishmentofthe
landcadastrewasattributabletotheneedtocarryouttaxreforms,whichhad
begunattheturnofthe18thand19thcenturiesandweretoservethepurpose
ofintroducinguniformrulesforcalculatingbenets,insteadoftheprevious
dierentsystemsofdeterminingandcollectingthem.42InPrussia,thecadastre
wasestablishedbetween1861and1864undertheActof21May1861onthe
RegulationofLandTaxes,whichintroduceduniformrulesfortheassessment
oftaxpayments,coveringallpropertyownersandtheclassicationofland
andthevaluationoftheresultingincome,andwhichformedthebasisforthe
establishmentoftheinstitutionofalandandbuildingtaxcadastre(Grund-
undGebäudesteuerkataster).43Asaresultofthe1872lawontheunicationof
39D.Felcenloben,op.cit.,pp.241-242.
40K.Sawicki,Pięćwiekówgeodezjipolskiej.SzkicehistoryczneodXVdoXIXwieku,
Warszawa1968,p.36.
41M.Mika,Historiakatastrupolskiego,Infrastrukturaiekologiaterenówwiejskich,
Issue6,2010,p.77.
42D.Felcenloben,op.cit.,pp.243-244.
43Ch.Brands,M.Grandtke-Hanzsch,M.Olschewski,140JahreGrundsteuerreform-
Am21.Mai1861wurdedasGesetzbetreenddieanderweiteRegelungderGrundsteuerver-
kündet,VermessungBrandenburg,Issue2,2001,pp.51-53.
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