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JanuszArabski
3.Similarinmeaningbutdiferentinform—normal.
4.Diferentinformandmeaning—difcult.
5.Diferentintheirtypeofconstruction—difcult.
6.Similarinprimarymeaningbutdiferentinconnotation—difcult.
7.Similarinmeaningbutwithrestrictioningeographicaldistribution—difcult.
Tephonologicalstructureofaforeignlexicalitemisdifculttoimitatefor
alearnerbecausehelshedoesnotreceiveitproperly,thatis,doesnothear(rec-
ognize)foreignsounds.Tedifcultystartsattheintakestagewhentheinput
formisnotproperlyreceived,forexample,pronunciationofEnglish[l]whichis
receivedas[δ]byaPolishlearner.
Input
[lis]
Intake
[δis]
Output
[δis]
Inresult,[δis]becomestheoutputform.
Telearnerisfirstexposedtothephonologicalororthographicshapeof
aforeignword.Itspronunciationorspellingisthefirstsourceofnegativetrans-
ferfromL1,which,asarule,distortstheinput.Teintakewhichismemorized
hasinterlanguageerroneousform.ItisherethataforeignaccentinL2starts.
Languageteachingmethodologistsinsistthatthisformatthestageofintake
shouldbeworkedon,andtheyapplyexercisestomakethelearnerawareof
thediferencesbetweentheinputformanditsintakecounterpartinorderto
eradicateerroneouspronunciationorspelling.
Polishteachers,forexample,wouldassignexercisestomakePolishlearners
heartheEnglish[∂]or[—]sounds,whichdonotexistinPolishandhavetobe
contrastedwithPolish[δ]or[e]counterpartsinordertobeproperlyperceived,
acquired,andmemorizedintheirproperEnglishform.
English[|],forexample,isnotpronounceablebyaPolebecauseinPolish
itneveroccurswithout[κ]followingit,soPoleshaveanaturaltendencyto
pronouncedoing,speakingas[δυN|κ,σπικN|κ].Pronouncing[|]without[κ]is
astrenuousexperiencewhichdoesnothelpmemorization.Alsostringslikestone,
window,ordoordonotmakeanysensetoaPolishlearner.Teydonotenter
anynetworkofassociations.Withoutassociationstheyarenotwellretainedand
theirsemanticstructures(meanings)arenotacquiredyet.
Tephonologicalstringswhicharetobeacquiredorwhichtendtobe
acquiredareverydifculttomemorize.Teyarestringswithoutanymeaning
andsense.Teyalsohaveaforeignandstrangephonologicalstructurewhich
thelearnerisnotusedto.Teystrikeandirritatewith,forexample,theirstrange
consonantclusters,orotherstrangephonologicalfeatures.
Recentapproachestothephonologicalstructureofitemsconcentratemore
ontheretentionaspect.Withthedevelopmentofpsycholinguistics,phonological
structure(stage2)isstudiedinrelationtoretention(stage4)andnotinrelation
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