Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution

Robert Stawarz

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-7271-534-0

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Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków

Rok wydania:

2009

Liczba stron:

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Stawarz, Robert. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution. Red. . Kraków: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków, 2009, 90 s. ISBN 978-83-7271-534-0

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Stawarz, R.

T1 Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution

PB Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków

PP Kraków

YR 2009

SN 978-83-7271-534-0

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 2610, author = "Stawarz, Robert", editor = "", title = "Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution", publisher = "Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków", year = "2009", address = "Kraków", isbn = "978-83-7271-534-0" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Stawarz, Robert

ED -

TI - Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution

PB - Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków

CY - Kraków

PY - 2009

SN - 978-83-7271-534-0

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Stawarz, Robert. Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution [baza danych online] Kraków: Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków, 2009 [dostęp: 03 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/trace-elements-and-heavy-metals-in-animals-and-humans-selected-robert-stawarz-2610.

biologia, chemia

This monograph is based on the results of research conducted in the 1998–2008; some data were partly presented in original articles published in scientific journals, conference proceedings and abstracts.

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-7271-534-0

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny Kraków

Rok wydania:

2009

Liczba stron:

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Acknowledgments6
Introduction7
The aim and scope13
Material and methods of heavy metals determination14
Heavy metals and trace elements - bioavailability, content and distribution in animals and humans15
Effects of heavy metals on animal organisms26
Heavy metals and trace elements in human milk31
Heavy metals and trace elements in human cancerous tissues34
Bioaccumulation of metals in selected invertebrate organisms41
Bioaccumulation of metals in selected vertebrate organisms51
The most important conclusions67
Used abbreviations69
References70
Index88

Nonessentialmetalscrossbiologicalmembranesbymeansofthreemechanisms.

Firstly,asindicatedabove,theycompetewithendogenousmetalsfortransporton

thevariousmetaliontransporters,pumps,andchannels.Secondly,theyformcom-

plexesthatarethensubstratesforotherionandorganicsolutetransportersand

pumps.Thirdly,modeoftransportinvolvesbothsignal-induced(e.g.receptor-me-

diated)andconstitutiveendocytosisofmetalsionsandtheircomplexes.Incontrast

withthesemediatedtransportpathways,simplediffusionappearstoplayonly

aminorroleinmetaltransport.

Collectively,thesepermeationpathwaysallowtoxicmetalstoreachdiversecel-

lularandsubcellulartargets,butcanalsobeexploitedinthedesignoftherapeutic

strategiesaimedatacceleratingtheremovalofthesetoxicelementsfromthebody.

Thedynamicsoftheprocesseswhichheavymetalsaresubjectedtoinecosys-

temsandwithinthestructuresoflivingorganismsisdependentontheirspeciation,

whichmeansthatelementscanexistinvariouschemicalvalencestates,forms,and

compounds.Theimpactofspeciationonbioavailabilityofelementsshouldbeinve-

stigatedfromthepointofviewofdifferentlifeenvironmentsoforganisms.Among

biologists,anagreementhasbeenreachedthattheinitialstepinthebioaccumu-

lationofelementsbyanorganisminanaqueousenvironmentisdependentupon

thespeciationoftheavailableelements.Extensivespeciationofmetalionsinwater

environmentcanreducetheirbioavailability.

Intheaqueousenvironment,metalionscaninteractwithavarietyofligands.

Inthepresenceoflivingorganismstheremaybeotherligandsreleasedintothewa-

ter.Someligandscouldbindthemetalionsandpotentiallyremovethemfromthe

systembysedimentation.Thecellsoflivingorganismsmightalsoproduceamem-

braneboundligandcapableoftheactivationofanelementwhichmayalsoenterthe

cellthroughanionpumpandthenitcanspeciateontointracellularligands.

Thelevelofmetalelementsinthebiologicalsystemisdependentondissocia-

tedfreeionintheouterenvironment.Strongbindingorspeciationofthemreduces

theiruptakebythelivingorganism.Theabovestatementsarethebasisofthe"free

ionactivitymodel”(FIAM),whichhasbeendiscussedatlength,referringtospecific

datafromawiderangeofbiologicalexamples(Campbel,1995).Thefreeionactivity

modelhashadgreatimpactonecotoxicologyandhasbeenverysuccessfulatprovo-

kingthoughtsabouttherouteofuptakeofpollutantions.Itis,however,something

morethanaguideline.

Freeionactivitymodelassumesthattheentryofanelementintothecellispro-

portionaltotheexternalactivityoftheionbecauseotherspeciatedformsofthis

elementareneitherlipidsoluble(ifanyformofthiselementwaslipidsoluble,it

wouldgiveadirectentryacrossthecellmembrane),norassociatedwithanyother

typeoftransportofaspeciatedform.Thismodelalsoassumesthatactivityofionin

extracellularenvironmentdoesnotdepleteintimeandtherearenoperturbations

duringdiffusionoftheelementthroughthebiologicalmembrane.

Inbiologicalsystems,theseconditionsareextremelyrareastheyareviolatedby

thesecretionofadditionalligandsthatprovideextraspeciationpathways,orthere

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Trace Elements and Heavy Metals in Animals and Humans. Selected Aspects of their Content and Distribution

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