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JakubStelina
inthesensegiventotheconceptinthe19thand20thcenturynoritspres-
entone.Conditionssetintheconventions,theguaranteesoftradeunions
freedoms(regardingtheformationoftheorganisationsandtheirinde-
pendence)werenotrespectedinthecountriesofrealsocialism,noteven
toaminimalextent.9
4.Ascanbeseen,inthecountriesofrealsocialism,untilthepolitical
breakthroughof1989,therewerenoconditionsforthefunctioningof
tradeunions,asthoseoperatingtheredidnotactuallyhavemuchincom-
monwiththeircounterpartsindemocraticcountries.Ofcourse,theab-
senceofagenuinetradeunionmovementalsomeantthattherewasno
socialdialogue,nocollectivebargaining,andtheconditionsofemploy-
mentweresetbythestateauthoritiesaccordingtotheprinciplesofthe
centrallyplannedeconomy.Collectivedisputes,andstrikesinparticular,
havealwaysbeentreatedassubversiveactionsandanattackonfounda-
tionsofthepoliticalsystem,andhavebeenhard-fought,ofenmeeting
withbloodyrepressions.EveninPoland,when-duringtheso-calledSol-
idarityCarnival-amasssocialmovement(associatingaround10mil-
lionmembers)independentofthegovernment,formallytooktheorgan-
isationalshapeofatradeunion,itcanhardlybestatedthattradeunion
freedomsandlibertieswererespected.Testateauthoritiestriedtolimit
theinfluenceofSolidaritywithalltheirmight;intheendtheybrutally
bannedtheorganisationandthenfoughtitwithrepressivemeasures.It
shouldalsobementionedthatNSZZ“Solidarność,”intheshortperiodof
9
Tereisnocontradictionbetweenthisopinionandtheemancipationofthetrade
unionmovementthattookplaceinsomecountriesoftheEasternbloc.Forexample,
inPoland,attheendofthe1980s,somesymptomsoftheAll-PolandAllianceof
TradeUnions(theofcialtradeunionsestablishedafer“Solidarity”wasoutlawed)
strivingtowardsindependencecouldbenoticedeventhoughtheheadoftheorgan-
isationwasamemberofthecentralauthoritiesofthecommunistparty,A.Dudek,
Reglamentowanarewolucja.RozkładdyktaturykomunistycznejwPolsce1988-1990,
Arcana,Kraków2004,pp.93,135.