Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
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CHAPTERII
(asitwaspossibleincaseofso-calledcodicesduringtheTokyoRound)and
withoutthepossibilityofintroducinganychanges.Propernationalauthorities
accepttheaccessintheformreservedforsuchcasesinthestatelaw(inmost
casesthismeanstheratificationprocedurecarriedoutbynationalparliaments).
Besides,eachWTOmemberisobligedtoensurethecompatibilityofitsown
administrativeregulationsandprocedureswiththeobligationsresultingfrom
theUruguayRoundagreements(MartinandWinters,1995).
ThecreationofWTOresultedinauniformsystemofrulesintheinternational
economicexchange.Theorganisationformstheinstitutionalframeworkforbroadly
understoodtradeexchangebetweenitsmembers.Thiswayauniformsystem
ofprinciplesandprocedureswasestablished,alongwiththesupervisionover
thealreadyreachedagreements,theemploymentofprotectingmeansincaseof
rulesviolation,methodsofsolvingpossibleconflicts,andallowingtopromote
furtherliberalisation.TheacceptanceofalltheUruguayRoundagreements(written
downonover500pages),isanecessaryconditiontobemetbythosewhowant
toparticipateinWTO(MartinandWinters,1995).Atthesametime,itforms
asystemencompassingasignificantlybiggernumberofareasofco-operationthan
GATT,togetherwiththenewagreementsnegotiatedinthecourseoftheUruguay
Round.Itisobligedtoadaptthetraderulesofparticularmembercountriestothe
rulesofWTO,aswelltopublishthem,thatis,tomakethempubliclyknown.
Thepurposeofthisisgainingtheoptimumtransparencyofthenationallaws.
AsaresultoftheUruguayRoundthreenewareasoftheinternationaltrade
werecoveredwithmultilateralregulations,namely:tradeinservices(Gray,
1983),intellectualpropertyrightsprotectionandthetraderelatedaspectsof
theinvestmentpolicy.Thepurposeoftheagreementinthefieldofservices
(Gray,1983),thatis,oftheGeneralAgreementonTradeinServices(GATS)
isseeninestablishingmultilateralrulesforconductingthattypeoftrade,
andinreducingthetradebarriers.Inthetworemainingareastheagreements
preparedgroundsforthereductionofintellectualpropertyrightsabuses(forging
ofgoods,illegalreproductionofcomputerprograms,videocassettes,etc.),and
forthereduction,bythememberstates,ofthosepolicyinstrumentswhich
makeforeigninvestmentsmoredifficult.Similarly,theuniformruleswerealso
establishedforthetradeinagriculturalproductsandtextile-clothinggoods.Until
then,theseareaswerenotcoveredbytheGATTregulations.Inaddition,many
GATTregulationsweremorepreciselydefined,amongothers,thoserelated
tofightingtheilleffectsofdumping,subsidies,somenon-tariffmeasuresof
tradeprotection,andtheregulationsconcernedwithconflictsolving,etc.The
newagreementsincludedalsothestate-relatedaspectsofthoseagreementsthat
hadbeensignedintheFinalActoftheUruguayRound(Langhammer,1991).
Theywereconcernedwiththeinternationaltradeingoodsaswellastradein
services(MartinandWinters,1995).
