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WeronikaJakubczak,PawełPruszyński
todenyUSforcestheadvantagestheycurrentlyenjoyinspaceandcyberspace.
Wewillsustainpriorityinvestmentsinscience,technology,research,anddeve-
lopmentbothwithinthedefensesectorandbeyond.[ł]Innovationisparamount
giventheincreasinglycomplexwarfightingenvironmentweexpecttoencounter.”
Generally,inlasttenyearsthankstoacceleratingglobalizationprocessesvast
majorityofthecountrieswereobservinganalarmingincreaseofcyberattacksin
allareas-business,media,banks,infrastructureandstateinstitutions.Inorder
tofacethethreatstherehasbeenagrowingfocusofbothindustryandstates’
representativesondevelopingtoolsandcapabilitiestostudy,preventandcombat
cybercrime,cyberespionage,cyberterrorismandcyberwarfare.AsincaseofChina
andRussiathereisaglobaltrendofallocatingmoreattention,funds,andwork
toareasrelatedtocybersecurity.Manystatesarecreatingorexpandingcyber
defenseorganswithintheirnationalsecurityschemeandputalotofeffortto
enhancetheircybercapabilities.Theaforementionedincludecreationofdedica-
tedcyberwarfareunitswithinnationaldefenseforces.Otherscountriesbeginto
acknowledgethebigchangeandgreatrelevanceofcybersecurity.
Whatwelldeservestobehighlighted,somecountriesofficiallyadmitthat
“cyber-units”canalsohaveoffensivenature.Inparticular,theDirectorofNational
IntelligenceJamesR.ClapperinhisStatementfortheRecordbeforetheSenate
SelectCommitteeonIntelligence,claimedthat“theUnitedStatesestimatesthat
severalofthecyberdefenseinstitutionscreatedbystateswilllikelyberespon-
sibleforoffensivecyberoperationsaswell.”18
Duetoglobalizationthecyberspaceisgettingmoreandmorecomplexand
continuouslyevolvingatincreasingpace.Theunderstandingofcrucialconnections
betweenvariousactors(bothstateandnon-state)andtheneedfordeveloping
closercooperationandinvestmentininnovationprovokescountriestoincrease
attemptstobuildorstrengthencooperationbetweenstatecybersecurityinstitu-
tions,industryandacademia.Thegoalistodevelopmechanismsforinternal
cooperationbetweendifferentstateunitsandagencies.Whileinthepastthis
kindofactivities(i.e.formationofmilitarycyberunits)werekeptsecret,recen-
tlycountriesincreasinglymaketheireffortspubliconnationalandinternational
level.Lastbutnotleast,countriesseekcooperationinordertofightstateand
non-stateactorsconsideredbythemasathreatoncybersecuritylevel.
In2011,astudyoncybersecurityandcyberwarfarepreparedbytheCenter
forStrategicandInternationalStudies(CSIS)hadspotted33countriesthatpaid
18
J.R.Clapper,StatementfortheRecordbeforetheSenateSelectCommitteeonIntelligence,http://
www.dni.gov/index.php/newsroom/testimonies/203-congressional-testimonies-2014/1005-state-
ment-for-the-record-worldwide-threat-assessment-of-the-us-intelligence-community,29.01.2014
[accessed11.12.2016].
