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Introduction
41
Subculturaldifferencesalsotestifytovarioussolutionstohuman
problemswhicharisefromdiverseconfigurationsoffactorsaf-
fectingpeople’slives.2
Duetodifficultiesconstantlyhauntingcriminalpolicyand
therelatedgeneralwilltoimproveit,ithasbeenafieldes-
peciallypronetotransmissionofmodels.Inmanycountries
thesearchforanswersandoptimalsolutionswithinthelocal
systemofcriminalpolicyhasbeensupplementedbyinitiatives
toborrowideasfromabroad.However,modelsworkedoutin
onesociety,cultureornarrowersocialsettingsdonotalways
performtheirexplanatoryrole,letalonelendthemselvestoop-
erationalization,inanother.Whatismore,receptionofmodels
fromadifferentsystemcanbeselective,applyingonlytoits
particularactivitiesorsocio-legalinstitutions,andnotalways
accompaniedbyanunderstandingoftheinternalrulesand
connectionswithintheoriginalsystemasawholeandhow
theydeterminethefunctioningoftheoriginalinstitution.Such
incoherentborrowing-cum-innovationresultsinanorganisa-
tionalhybridinneedofalong,andusuallycostly,processof
adaptation.Aprocesswhichsometimesendsinrejectionof
thetransplantedsolution.Theenthusiasmoftenaccompany-
ingtheintroductionofideologicalandorganisationalnovelties,
presentedaseffectivemeansofaddressingsocialills,seldom
opensupenoughspaceforthecriticalvoiceswhichcouldwarn
againstthepossiblefailureofthepolicy.Atthesametime,
withdrawingfromamisguidedpolicyismoreexpensivethan
amulti-factorsimulationconductedinadvancebyresearch
centres.
Institutionsroamfreelyinthisageofglobalisation,of-
tenlackingananalyticaldescriptionoftheideologiesthatin-
2EwaNowicka,Światczłowieka—światkultury[WorldofMan—WorldofCul-
ture],WydawnictwoNaukowePWN,Warszawa2006,p.25,cf.alsoJarosław
Utrat-Milecki,Penologicznykomentarzdo«Szklaneczkirumu»Claude!aLévi-Straus-
sa[ApenologicalcommentarytoClaudeLévi-Strauss!s“Alittleglassofrum”],in:
Antropologijegomagia.WspółczesneinspiracjetwórczościąClaude!aLévi-Straussa[An
AnthropologistandHisMagic.TheWorkofClaudeLévi-StraussasaSourceofContempo-
raryInspirations],EwaNowicka,MałgorzataGłowacka-Grajper(eds.),Nomos,
Kraków2013,p.207–231.Concerningdirectlycriminalpolicy
,seee.g.:Mark
Fleisher,Lostyouthandthefutilityofdeterrence,in:TheUseofPunishment,Seán
McConville(ed.),Willan,Cullompton2003,p.89–115;ConvictCriminology,Jef-
freyIanRoss,StephenC.Richards(eds.),Wadsworth,Belmont2003.
