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1.InternationalBusinessandRelatedFieldsofStudy
Internationalorganisations
Withrespecttointernationalorganisationsactinginsupportofglobalisation
processes,themostcrucialroleisplayedbytheWorldTradeOrganization
(WTO)asthepreserveroftheearliertradeliberalisationattemptsheldunderthe
GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT).Othermajoractorsincludethe
InternationalMonetaryFund(IMF)andtheWorldBank(WB).
Thesethreeactorsareaccompaniedandsupplementedbyaplethoraof
organisationsinvolvedintheupkeepoftheliberalinternationaleconomicorder,
suchastheOrganizationfortheEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)
andtheInternationalBankforReconstructionandDevelopment(IBRO),those
activeinspecificsegmentsoftheglobalmarket,suchastheOrganizationof
PetroleumExportingCountries(OPEC),andthevariousUnitedNationsagencies,
suchasUNCTAD,ILO,FAO,WHO,andUNIDO.
Nationaleconomies
Thecentralgovernmentsofindividualcountrieshavealsoplayedacrucialrole
inthestimulationofglobalisationprocessesbysupportingsystemictransitions
fromautarchictoliberaleconomicpolicies,byopeningtheirlocalmarketsto
productandcapitalflows,andbyeliminatingbarrierstosuchflowthroughthe
deregulationandprivatisationofnationaleconomies,etc.Theirdecisionsto
followthispathweretypicallybasedoneconomicstimulior,inthecaseofsome
developingcountries,imposedbytheIMFandtheWBinresponsetocrises.
Itmustbenotedthatthepresentsovereignty,significanceandeffectiveness
ofnationaleconomicpolicieshasdeterioratedduetotheconcertedactivityand
pressurefromtheTNCsandthetransitionofcompetencestothetransnational
authoritiesofthecontemporaryeconomicintegrationgroupings.Ifweadoptthe
viewthatthedevelopmentofregionalintegrationisastimulusforglobalisation,
thentheauthoritiesofregionalgroupingsshouldbeviewedasthemainactorsin
thisprocess.Obviouslytheirroleswillbevarieddependingontheglobalstature
oftheirrespectivegrouping.
Lastly,inthecontextoftheglobalregulationofeconomicprocesses,one
shouldemphasisetheroleofG7andG20asnon-institutionalsummitsfor
governmentsandleadersofthelargestdevelopedeconomiesintheworld.
1.2.2.Liberalisationasapreconditionforthedevelopmentofglobalisation
BrettonWoods
Intheinterwarperiod,inresponsetotheGreatDepressionof1929–1933,
countriesthroughouttheworldeagerlyreachedforprotectivemeasuresand
harshimportrestrictions.Mostofthemadoptedextremelysteeptariffstoprotect
theirdomesticproductionandlocalmarkets.Theensuingbeggar-thy-neighbour