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CHAPTERI
OPERATIONALRISKINABANK
1.1.Theconceptofbusinessandfinancialrisk
Theconceptofriskisconnectedwithinsecurityandfear,whichisasoldasmankind.
Sincethemomentamandistinguishedtheconsequencesofhisactions,manhasbeen
accompaniedbyfearwhetherthedecisionsmadebyhimwouldbringtheexpectedresult.Itis
ofparticularimportanceindecisionsmadeinbusinessandfinance.
Nowwearelivinginthesocietyofglobalriskwhichreferstoalmostalltheaspectsof
humanactivity.U.Beckanalysesthesituationsinthecontemporaryworld,whereriskand
hazardsaresystematicallyproduced,andshouldbecontrolledconsciouslysothattheydonot
crosstheacceptablelimits.Heclaimsthatthereisnothingmorecertainthantherisk
11.
M.Iwanicz-Drozdowska,talkingabouttheessenceofthebankactivityand
management,emphasisesthat“thestatementthattheriskisever-presentinbusinessseems
obviousnotonlyinthetimesofrecession”
12.
Theriskinpracticeandscienceashorthistoricaloutline
Thefirstpeopledoingresearchontheissueofriskwerethepeopleconnectedwithsocial
scienceswhoraisedthissubjectinthecontextofentrepreneur'sprofit.Inthe14
thcenturythe
ArabicthinkerIbnKhaldundefinedtheriskoccurringintradeasakindofgambling,inArabic
languagerisqmeansfate,scourge.Theetymologyofthewordriskisexplainedindifferent
ways
13.InPersianlanguagerozi(k)meansfate,dailypayment,andalsobread.InSpanishar-
riscomeanscourage,aswellasdanger.InEnglishriskmeansasituationinwhichdangermay
occur,somethingbadmayhappen.Someopinionsexistthattheetymologyofthiswordis
connectedwithLatin,sincetheverbrisicaremeansavoidingsomething,whileinItalianris(i)co
meansareefintowhichashipshouldnotsail.ThisexpressionisclosetotheOldGreekworld
riza,whichmeansreef.Theunderwaterreefwasasymbolofuncertaintywhensailingataclose
distancetotheshore,onwatersfullofunderwatertraps,belongedtoverydangerousandrisky
operations
14.Inthiscase,itreferstodangersaffectingsailorsandmerchantswhoshouldavoid
them.Itappearsthateveninthe21
stcenturysuchaccidentsoccurinthevicinityofItalianand
Greekislands.AccordingtoP.L.Bernstein,theword“risk”comesfromtheOldItalian
risicare,whichmaybetranslatedastodare
15.Inthissenseriskshouldbetreatedasachoice
andnotasinevitablefate.EvensuchclassicsineconomysuchasAdamSmithandDavid
Ricardointheirworksmentionedandwroteabouttheriskinbusinessenterprises.However,it
wasthebookbyFrankH.KnightRisk,UncertaintyandProfit
16,thatanalysesindetailthe
impactofriskonthelawsofeconomy.F.H.Knight's(1885-1972)publicationconstitutesthe
fundamentalsofsciencesdealingwithriskanalysis,assessmentandmanagement.However,it
11
U.Beck,Społeczeństworyzyka.Wdrodzedonowejrzeczywistości,Scholar,Warszawa2004,p.27.
12
Zarządzanieryzykiembankowym,Ed.M.Iwanicz-Drozdowska,op.cit.p.11.
13
T.T.Kaczmarek,RyzykoizarządzanieryzykiemUjęcieinterdyscyplinarne,Difin,Warszawa2005,p.51
andfurther.
14
Zarządzanieryzykiemdziałalnościorganizacji.RedakcjanaukowaJ.Monkiewicz,L.Gąsior,Wydawnictwo
C.H.Beck,Warszawa2010,p.20.
15
P.L.Bernstein,Przeciwbogom.Niezwykłedziejeryzyka,WIGPress,Warszawa1997,p.XIIIandfurther.
16
F.H.Knight,Risk,Uncertainty,andProfit,Hart,Schaffner&Marx,HoughtonMifflinCo,Boston1921.
10