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INTRODUCTION
Growinginterestinoperationalriskinbankinginstitutionsappeared,inparticular,
afterthepublicationoftheNewCapitalAccord(BaselII,26June2004),inwhichtheroleof
operationalriskinfinancialinstitutionswasclearlyindicatedandtheobligationtosetup
capitalrequirementstocoverthelossresultingfromoperationalriskwasintroduced.Thisrisk
differsfromtheso-farclassicallycalculatedcapitalrequirementforcreditrisk,interestrate
andliquidity,sinceitsidentificationandassessmentrequiresaccesstomanyexternaland
internaldata,applicationofpropermethodsandmodelsandaspecificapproachtothisrisk
management.Riskmanagementknowledge,competenceandskillsareobligatoryinmodern
marketeconomy,includingthebankingsector,inparticular
1.
Theneedforproperoperationalriskmanagementbecamevisibleafteraseriesof
operationaleventswhichleftanimprintontheglobalbankingsystem,almostthreateningthe
itsstability,andraisedinterestintheworld,regionalandnationalsupervisoryinstitutions
2.
Themainregulatorydocumentsinthe21
stcenturybankingweretheBaselAccords(including
inparticularBaselIIandBaselIII).Thesedocumentsincluderecommendationsonstandards
ofbanksecurity,identificationofbankingrisksandprinciplesofestablishingthelevelof
regulatorycapitalinordertoprotectbanksfromtheeffectsofrisk.Thesedocumentsbecame
alsothebasisforregulatingbankingsystemsinnumerouscountriesoftheworld.The
EuropeanUnionadoptedthemasthebasisforcapitaldirectivesintheEuropeanBanking
System(CapitalRequirementsDirectives,CRD).Inthesedocumentsparticularattentionwas
paidtooperationalrisk.Theybecamethebasistobeimplementedandinternal
recommendationstobeissuedbynationalsupervisinginstitutions.
Banksintensivelycontinuetoworkonimprovingthesofarunderestimatedproper
operationalriskmanagement.Here,particularlysignificantaretheprinciplesofoperational
riskidentification,methodsusedtomeasureit,creatinginternalandexternaldatabases,
possibleeventscenarios,stresstests,dataandmodelvalidation,assessmentofthe
OperationalValueatRisk(OpVaR)andcapitaladequacy,allofwhicharetocounterriskand
minimiseitseffectsonthesecurityofbanks
3.
Theattentionpaidtooperationalrisk,sometimesdescribedas“theworstofrisks”,
initiatedin-depthscientificstudies.Whatisbeingobservedis,firstofall,theincreased
interestofbanksinminimisingitseffectsinconnectionwithregulatorycapitalrequirements,
whichundoubtedlyresultsfromthepopularisationofprudentialstandardsandintensive
actionsofsupervisinginstitutions.Whilecapitalregulationsraisemuchcontroversyandnot
everybodyagreesthattheyfulfiltheirfunctionsatisfactorily,itseemsthatcontemporary
bankingwillnotwithdrawfromtheiruseandwillfocusonimprovingthem
4,bearinginmind
theseverityofthelastcrisis.Crisesarenotpossibletoeliminate,buttheirconsequencescan
bealleviatedby,e.g.oneofthewayswhichisproperriskmanagement
5.
Thesubjectmatterundertakeninthebookdoesnothavetheexistingrichliterature.
Operationalriskas“theyoungestofrisks”inbanking,waspracticallyproperlydefinedand
scientificallydescribedintheNewCapitalAccord,andstillmoreattentionispaidtoitasan
1Zarządzanieryzykiembankowym,Ed.M.Iwanicz-Drozdowska,WydawnictwoPoltext,Warszawa2012,p.9.
2OperationaleventswhicharedisastrousforbanksarepresentedinChapterI.
3J.Krasodomska,Zarządzanieryzykiemoperacyjnymwbankach,PWE,Warszawa2008,p.9.
4M.Marcinkowska,Standardykapitałowebanków,BazylejskaUmowakapitałowawpolskichregulacjach
nadzorczych,ReganPress,Gdańsk,2009,p.11.
5Zarządzanieryzykiembankowym,Ed.M.Iwanicz-Drozdowska,op.cit.p.9.
5