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constantlyscalingtheexternaldatabases,thenecessityofpreparingandlaterusingtherisk
optimisationmodelsandmethods.
1.2.Distinctionofoperationalriskinbanks
Operationalriskappearedintheliteratureandbecamethesubjectofresearchfor
economistsintheearly1990s,however,itgainedthecommoninterestofbothbanksand
privatebusinesspeopleattheturnofthe20
thand21stcenturies.Itwascausedbythemoreand
morefrequenteconomicphenomenaand,inparticular,suchas:theincreasingroleof
outsourcing,catastrophes,consolidationsandtheincreaseduseofadvancedtechnologies.This
timeistheperiodinwhichtheprocessandmethodsofoperationalriskmanagementinabank
gainedduerecognitionandinterest.Theincreasingimpactofoperationalriskonbankfinancial
resultsandtheircompetitiveness,aswellasthefinancialcrisisofthesub-primecreditmarketin
theUSin2007,madeoperationalriskbecometheessentialrequirementandchallenge.
Thecrisissethigherrequirementsforoperationalriskmanagementasitappearedthat
thematurityofoperationalriskmanagementsystemshasanimpactnotonlyonthebank
performanceresultbutalsoonitssurvival
40.ProblemscausedbythecrisisinAmerican
economyshowedalsotheweaknessofthebankingsystemandthelackofproperpressureon
managementandoperationalriskidentification.Italsoshowedthelackofcontingencyplans
andproperprotectionfromoperationalrisk.Itisevenmoresurprisingthattheresearch
conductedin1997bytheBritishBankersAssociationandCoopers&Lybrandshowedthat
almost70%ofthepolledbanksindicatedthatoperationalriskisasimportantorevenmore
importantthanmarketorcreditrisk.
Conceptofoperationalrisk
Operationalriskisdifficulttoclearlydefinebutitisthekeytoguaranteeefficientrisk
managementinabank.Initialstudiesonoperationalriskconcentratedonitsnegativedefinition.
Thentheoperationalriskwasunderstoodasotherriskwhichincludedaspectsotherthanthe
marketorcreditrisk
41.Theaffairscausedbyoperationalfactors,whichweredisclosedinthe
90s,suchasBaringsBank'sbankruptcy,thedamagepaidbyBankersTrusttoP&G,the
bankruptcyofLehmanBrothers,thelatestproblemsofRabobankandBNPParibasBankand
manyothers,contributedtotheformulationofapositivedefinitionofoperationalrisk.
Alongwiththedevelopmentofthebankingservicesector,thedefinitionofoperational
riskevolvedaswell,anditsproperdefinitionbecameanimportantelementguaranteeingthe
properoperationalriskmanagementprocess
42.Thefirstattemptsatdefiningoperationalrisk
appearedattheendofthelastcenturyandwerenegativeincharacter,frequentlytreating
operationalriskasanotherriskwhichisnotincludedintheareaoffinancialrisk
43.
Oneofthesimplestandsimilartotheinitialdefinitionsofoperationalriskispresented
byR.Jameson,whodefinesitas“anyriskthatliesoutsidetheareascoveredbycreditriskor
marketrisk”
44.P.FMarylanddefinesoperationalriskas:“theriskofincurringtheloss
40
D.Benyon,LeedsMust,OpRisk&Compliance,June2009.
41
P.Jorin,ValueatRisk,McGraw-Hill,NewYork2001,p.451.
42
M.Power,Theinventionofoperationalrisk,ESRCCentreforAnalysisofRiskandRegulation,CARR
DiscussionPaperSeries,London2003.
43
D.
Wawrzyniak,
Ryzyko
informatyczne
w
działalności
bankowej,
Wydawnictwo
Uniwersytetu
EkonomicznegoweWrocławiu,Wrocław2012,p.56.
44
N.daCostaLewis,OperationalRiskwithexcelandVBA,JohnWileyandSons,NewJersey2004,p.2.
17