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2
Approaches,methodsandtechniques
2.Approaches,methodsandtechniques
Anysubjectcanbetaughttoanychildatanyageinsomeformthatishonest.
JeromeBruner
Beforepresentingthetypicalwaysofworkinginlanguageclassesinprimaryschool,it
seemsusefultocompareteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguageatprimaryandsecond-
arylevels.Table2.1showsvariousaspectsofteachinginbothprimaryandsecondary
contextstorevealthefundamentaldifferencesbetweentheapproaches.Thediffer-
encesresultmainlyfromthedifferingdevelopmentalneedsandabilitiesofthelearn-
ers,butalsotheirinterestsandemotionalneeds.Followingwhatisdeterminedbyage,
teachersadjustanduseappropriatemethodsandtechniques.Table2.1liststhegeneral
characteristicsofprimaryandsecondaryschoolteachingintheformoftipsforlan-
guageteachers.
Table2.1.Acomparisonofprimaryandsecondaryschoolmethodology
Primaryschoolteaching
noexplicitgrammarinstruction,theneedfor
repetitionofexamples
veryshortattentionspan,only‘hereandnow,,
varietyofactivities
variedsensoryinput,appealtoallsenses,
hands-onactivities
theimportanceofaffectivefactors,establishing
apositiveattitudetolearningaforeignlanguage
Secondaryschoolteaching
learners,abilitytohandleabstractrulesand
concepts
longerattentionspan,evenformaterialnot
intrinsicallyinteresting
sensoryinputneednotbesovaried
generalself-confidence(globalself-esteem),the
fragilityofegomaynotbeascriticalasthoseof
children
contextembeddedlanguage,thewholelanguage
abilitytounderstandacontextreducedsegmentof
approach
language
morespaceforcreativeconstruction,mistakesare
moreneedforaccuracy,learningismore
partoftheprocess
product-oriented
topicbased/activitybasedsyllabus
languagebasedsyllabus
cross-curricularcontext
separatecurriculumsubject
noneedforaseparatetextbook
activitiesprescribedbythetextbook
spiralsequenceofstructuresandfunctions
linearsequenceofstructuresandfunctions
earlystartmeansmoretimeforlearning,atthe
timeconstraintsbecauseofimposedlanguage
learner,sownpace
curriculum