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2.Approaches,methodsandtechniques
Furtherreading
Komorowska,H.2001.Metodykanauczaniajęzykówobcych.Warszawa:FraszkaEdukacyjna.
Komorowska,H.2005.Programynauczaniawkształceniuogólnymiwkształceniujęzykowym.Warszawa:
FraszkaEdukacyjna.
2.2.IntegrationofEnglishandtheprimarycurriculum
2.2.IntegrationofEnglishandtheprimarycurriculum
Childrenlearnholistically,andteachingEnglishtochildrenhastobeembeddedintheir
generalpre-primaryorprimarycurriculum.Englishlessonscannotbeseparateunitswhich
onlypresentandpractisenewlanguageorrevisethelanguagethatwasoncelearnt.
TeachersofEnglishhavetotakecaretoestablishclearlinksbetweenlanguagelessonsand
theknowledgeandskillschildrenacquireatschool.Such‘integration,ofEnglishandthe
generalcurriculumcantakeplaceatdifferentlevelsandinanumberofways.
Brewster(1995:9)seestheoriginsofintegrationinthefactthatcertainaspectsof
goodprimarypracticeareusedinEFL(EnglishasaForeignLanguage)classroomsre-
gardlessoftheirage.Sheclaimsthatthephenomenonofdrawinguponprimaryteaching
is‘itsemphasisonitslearner-centrednessandthecreationofasupportivelearningenvi-
ronment,(ibid).Table2.4showsacomparisonofthekeytenetsofmainstreamprimary
practiceanditsinfluenceonEFLmethodologyinallagegroups.
SusanHalliwell(1992a:130–131),whowasastrongadvocateofintegratinglangu-
ageworkandothersubjects,putsforwardthreeargumentsfordoingso.Firstofall,she
believesthatlanguagelearningshouldbenaturalandshouldnotbe‘setapartfromthe
restoftheirlearning.[Thelearners]shouldseeitassomethingtouse,notjustsomething
theymanipulateinlanguageclasses,.Secondly,shereferstothelanguageacquisition
theorywhichstressestheimportanceofreceivingandproducingmessages,aswellas
dealingwith‘realmeaningratherthanjustwordsandstructuresfortheirownsake,.And
finally,shestressesthepracticalityofthisapproach.‘Bothteacherandlearnersbenefit
frombringingexistingskillsandunderstandingtobearonnewareasandfromencoun-
teringfamiliarwaysofworkingwhenmeetinganunfamiliarfocusofteachingorlearn-
ing,(ibid:131).
Halliwellarguesthatalthoughthecontentteacherscoverinlanguagelessonsandin
otherlessonsdiffers,theworktheydoisbasedonthesameprocesses:
diagrammaticrepresentationofinformation;
repeatedpattern;
understandingthroughseeing;
respondingbydoing.
Theunderstandingofthosecommonelementsshouldhelpteacherstobetterintegra-
telanguageworkandotherlearningfromtheverybeginningoflanguageeducation.
Diagrammaticrepresentationofinformationisapresentationofdataintheform
ofachartoradiagraminsteadofatext.ChildrenencounterchartsinMathsorScience.
Theyareencouragedtoreadandexpressideaspresentedinthisform.Inlanguageclas-