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Chapter1.Theconceptofdevelopment
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inthenation,provisionofemploymentopportunitiesandmeetingtheneedsof
children”(Esteva2010:10).
TheaforementionedProposalsforActiondefineddevelopmentasgrowthplus
changewhereaschangewasbothquantitativeandqualitativeaswellassocial,
culturalandeconomic.Aquantitativechangehasbeenunderstoodasanumeric
objectivesetagainstaparticulardevelopmentdimension,suchastheannualgrowth
rateinaggregatednationalincomeortheprimaryschoolcompletionrate;whereas
qualitativechangehasbeenmuchmoreintangible,representingimprovementthat
ismoredifficulttomeasurebasedonstandardindicators.Forthegivendimensions,
aqualitativechangecouldbe:distributionofincomewithinsociety,whereasforthe
educationsystem-provisionofappropriatelearningandlifeskills.
1.2.Newviewsondevelopment
Takingintoconsiderationhuman,socialandeconomicfactors,thecurrent
paradigmdefinesdevelopmentmuchbroaderthaneconomicgrowthorgrowthwith
distributionofwealth.Accordingtotheleadingtextbookondevelopmenteconomics,
“thephenomenonofdevelopmentortheexistenceofachronicstateof
underdevelopmentisnotmerelyaquestionofeconomicsorevenoneofquantitative
measurementofincomes,employment,andinequality.Developmentmusttherefore
beconceivedofasamultidimensionalprocessinvolvingmajorchangesinsocial
structures,popularattitudes,andnationalinstitutions,aswellastheaccelerationof
economicgrowth,thereductionofinequality,andtheeradicationofpoverty”(Todaro
andSmith2012:16).AsimilardefinitionispresentedbyIrmaAdelmanandCynthia
TaftMorris(1997:831),“weshallrestricttheuseofthetermeconomicdevelopment
towidespread,widelyshared,sustainableeconomicgrowthaccompaniedby
significantstructuralchangeinproductionpatternsandineconomicandpolitical
institutionsandbygeneralizedimprovementinlivingstandards.”Bothdefinitions
underlinestructuralchange,institutions,economicgrowthandlivingstandards/
eradicationofpoverty.Fundamental,structuralchangeineconomyandsociety,
multidimensionalityandhumangoalsareemphasisedasthecomponentsofmany
currentdefinitionsofdevelopment,e.g.CypherandDietz(2009:31).Another
contemporaryapproachtowardsthedefinitionwasproposedbyElinorOstrom,who
wasawarded,alongwithOliverE.Williamson,NobelPrizeineconomicsin2009.
Althoughtheprizewasforheranalysisofinstitutionsgoverningthepoolofcommon
resources,sheconductedanumberofstudiesondevelopingcountriesandcooperated
withSwedishandUSaidagencies.Herdefinitionofdevelopmentis“improved
well-beingthroughproductionandexchangeofprivategoodsaswellascooperation
andcoordinationinprovidingpublicgoodsandcommon-poolresources”(Ostrom
2013:25).Thisdefinitiondoesnotemphasisewhatdevelopmentmeansbuthowit
shouldbeachieved,indicatingtheroleofpublicgoodsandcommonlymaintained
resources.