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MaciejKarwowski:TheCreativeMix?…
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leadershipoftheteachers.Itisdevelopedtobeusedbystudentstode-
scribetheirteachersaswellasfortheteacherstoevaluatethemselves.
Thescaleiscomposedoftenitems,hasone-factorstructureandishighly
reliable(α=.90).InthesecondstudypresentedinKarwowski’spaper,
theauthorconcludedthattheintensityoftransformationalleadership
behaviorsisasignificantpredictoroftwoofthethreedimensionsofthe
climateforcreativity(Karwowski,2009b):interpersonal(trust)and
task(taskfreedom).Thethirdstudyshowedthattheintensityoftrans-
formationalleadershipisasignificantpredictorofateam’ssuccesses,but
ininteractionswithaleader’screativityunderstoodbothasaleveland
style.Effectivenessofateam’sfunctioningincreasedwithtransforma-
tiveness,butonlyincaseofthemostcreativeleaders.
Inanotherstudy,Karwowski(2009d)showedtherelationsbetween
teachers’leadershipstylesandstudents’intrinsicmotivations.Teachers
withstrongtransformationalleadershipcharacteristicsdevelopedtheir
students’intrinsicmotivationmoreefficiently.Furtheranalysesshowed
significantmediationeffects:teachers’transformationalleadershipinflu-
encedstudents’intrinsicmotivationviatheclimateforcreativity.Both
directandindirecteffectsweresignificant,whichshowsasubstantial
effectofateacher’sleadershiponstudents’intrinsicmotivationandits
influencesmediatedbytheclimateforcreativity.
Althoughassumptionthattransformationalleadershipmightaffect
creativityindirectlybyinfluenceonintrinsicmotivationandclimatese-
emssomehowintuitive,thereisconfirmationofthislineofreasoningin
existingresearch.AsBass&Riggio(2006,p.54)noted:
ResearchbyJung,Chow,andWu(2003)suggestshowtransfor-
mationalleadershipmightaffectcreativity.First,transformational
leadersincreasefollowers’intrinsicmotivation(asopposedtothe
transactionalleaders’emphasisonextrinsicmotivation),whichsti-
mulatescreativity(seealsoShin&Zhou,2003).Second,theintel-
lectuallystimulatingtransformationalleaderencouragesfollowersto
think“outsideofthebox”(seealsoElkins&Keller,2003).
Thisresultsshowthattransformationalleadersprimarilyencourage
followercreativityandinnovationbyprovidingaclimatethatsupports
followers’innovativeefforts.
