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Artykuły—Kreacja—rozwój—aktywnośćartystyczna
IntrinsicMotivation
Intrinsicmotivationisprobablyoneofthemostextensivelystudied
antecedentsofcreativity.Amongthedifferentapproachestothestud-
iesofintrinsicrelationsbetweenmotivationandcreativity,Amabile’set
al.(Amabile,1982;Amabileetal.,1996)studiesseemstobeknown
best.Indozensofexperimentsontheinfluenceofintrinsicandextrin-
sicmotivationoncreativity,Amabileetal.provedpositiveinfluenceof
intrinsicmotivationandahinderingroleofextrinsicmotivationoncrea-
tivity.Itwasfoundthatcompetitionaswellasexpectancyofassessment
orrewardsdecreaseintrinsicmotivation,hencenegativelyinfluencing
creativity.ThosefindingsareinlinewithaclassicexperimentofKrug-
lanski,Friedman&Zeevi(1971)whodiscussedtheresultsinline
withthecognitivedissonancetheory.Sometimesincontemporarystud-
iesoftherelationshipbetweenmotivationandcreativity,contrastingre-
sultsandinterpretationsmayalsobefound.Eisenberger’sstudies(i.e.
Eisenberger,Shanock,2003)revealthatrewardsarenotnecessarily
detrimentalforcreativity;undercertaincircumstancestheymayeven
relatetocreativitypositively.Eisenberger’sargumentationisasfollows:
participantsinatypicalAmabile(i.e.1982)experimentareaskedto
producesomething:thecontrolgroupisjustaskedtodrawsomething,
writeahaikuorperformadifferentactivity.Additionalpromiseofre-
wardexistsintheexperimentalgroup.However,inEisenberger’sinter-
pretation,thefactthatthegroupwhichwaspromisedarewardachieved
lesscreativeresultsiscausedbyamisunderstandingoftheparticipants
astowhatisgoingtobeevaluated.Childrenthinkaboutsomethingthat
willbeacceptedbytheirteachersandbecauseschoolpromotesalgorith-
micsolutions,theycreatesuchproducts.Iftheyknewthatcreativityis
required,theirproductswouldbemuchmorecreative,Eisenberger
andShanock(2003)argue.Asamatteroffact,resultsfromAmabile’s
experimentalgroupsaregenerallyratedhigherinaestheticortechni-
calvalues,whichfactconfirmsEisenberger’sreasoning.Hennessey&
Amabile’s(1998)answertothosecriticsrejectsthispoint,arguingthat
manytimesintheirexperimentsparticipantswereaskedtobecreative,
andtheprofileoftheresultsdidnotchange.
Thereisavisiblysmallernumberofworkswhererelationsbetween
creativityandmotivationtreatedasorientationarestudied.InAmabile
etal.(1994)paper,significantrelationsbetweenintrinsicmotivationand
differentmeasuresofcreativityexist.Itwasfoundthatpeoplemotivated
intrinsicallyaremoreinnovative,whereaspeoplemotivatedextrinsical-
lyaremoreadaptative.Cumming,Hall,Harwood&Gammage(Cum-
