Treść książki
Przejdź do opcji czytnikaPrzejdź do nawigacjiPrzejdź do informacjiPrzejdź do stopki
16
Chapter1.Compoundsandphrasalnouns…
Compoundsarecomplexlexemeswhichconsistoftwoormorestems
(seeBauer1983:29)i1Compoundsresembleothermorphologicallycom-
plexwordsinexhibitingabinarystructure:oneoftheconstituents(usu-
allytheright-hand2constituentinEnglishcompounds)functionsasthe
head,3andtheotherconstituentisitsmodifieri
Itisusefulatthispointtomentionvariouspropertiesattributedto
headsinmorphology(cfiDiSciulloandWilliams1987),andthebifur-
cationofheadsintotypes,asproposedby
,amongothers,Scaliseand
Fábregas(2010),FábregasandScalise(2010),MasiniandScalise(2013),
andFábregasandMasini(2015)(andasalsodiscussedbyCetnarowska
2016)i
Inthecaseofsumxalderivatives,thesumxisrecognisedasthehead
ofthewholederivative(byvirtueofdeterminingthemeaningandthe
syntacticcategoryofthewholeword)iEnglishamxalderivativesare
right-headed,asstatedintheRighthandHeadRulebyWilliams(1981)
(seealsoDiSciulloandWilliams1987)iThus,thesumx-eristhehead
ofthederivativedriveri
Inthestudyofcompounds(seeFabb1998),especiallyincognitiveap-
proachestolinguistics(Schmid2011),theconstituentwhichdetermines
themeaningofthewholecompoundisregardedasitsheadiEndocen-
triccompounds,suchastaxidriverandhandbag,arehyponymsoftheir
headconstituents(cfiBloomfield1933;Marchand1969;Bauer1983;
Szymanek1989)iAtaxidriverisatypeofadriver(diferentfrom,forin-
stance,abusdriver,atruckdriver,oratramdriver)iThecompoundhand-
bagisahyponymofthenounbagsinceitdenotesasmallbagcarriedby
women(usuallyinordertoholdpersonalitems,suchaskeys,IDcards,
andmoney)i
Haspelmath(2002)pointstotheusefulnessofdistinguishingbetween
semanticandformalheadsofcompoundsiThesemanticcriterion(asil-
lustratedabove)canbeusedtoidentifythesemantichead;hence,driver
isthesemanticheadoftaxidriveriExocentriccompounds(traditionally
referredtoasbahuvrihicompounds)aresaidtolacksemanticheadsi4
TheunexpressedsemanticheadoftheEnglishexocentricformations
1Bauer(2001:695)definesacompoundasalexicalunit“madeupoftwoormore
elements,eachofwhichcanfunctionasalexemeindependentoftheother(s)inother
contextsi”
2Insomelanguages,forinstance,FrenchandItalian,theheadincompoundsisthe
left-handconstituenti
3See,however,belowforthediscussionofcoordinatecompoundswhichcontaintwo
semanticheadsi
4Somebahuvrihicompounds,forinstance,redskinorfathead,canbetreatedasendo-
centriconesiftheirright-handconstituent(iiei,skinorhead)isreinterpretedmetonymi-
callyasdenotingaperson(seeBooij2005;Bierwiaczonek2013)i
