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Introduction
8
Thewealthofdatacanbebestexploitedbysell-sideanalystswhospecializein
processingsuchinformationandwhoareabletoplaceitinthebroadcontextofthe
industryandtheentiremarket.Analystsprovideinvestorswithreportscontaining
descriptionsofthecontextandsummaryquantitativeinformation,thusreducing
theamountoftimeandefortthatinvestorsneedexpendinordertoobtainrele-
vantinformation(Fogarty&Rogers,2005).Moreover,analystsinteractwithcom-
panymanagementwiththeviewtomotivatethelattertoproducedisclosuresthat
wouldcontainusefulandwell-structuredinformation(Degeorge,Ding,Jeanjean
Atthesametime,companiesmaywanttoappealtoindividualinvestorsdirectly
byprovidingthemwithabridged,accessibleinformationsothattheyencourage
directinvolvementwiththecompany.Suchpracticescanhelpmaintainabalance
betweenindividualandinstitutionalownershipatatimewhenindividualinvestors
increasinglyrelyoninvestmentfundsforthemanagementoftheirportfoliostaking
aback-seatinfinancialmarkets.Takentogether,financialcommunicationoccurs
inanumberofformats(Healy&Palepu,2001):a)regulatedfinancialdisclosure
(financialstatements,managementdiscussionandanalysis,andotherregulatory
filings);b)voluntarydisclosuresandcommunication(managementforecasts,
analystpresentationsandconferencecalls,pressreleases,corporatewebsites);
c)informationprovidedbyintermediaries(analystreports,thebusinessmedia).
Researchersfromthefieldoffinanceandaccountinghavebeguntostudytheuse
oflanguageinfinancialcommunication,whichisseenasinimportantcomple-
mentofthequantitativeinformationcontainedtherein(Bagiński,Demers,Wang
weoftenthinkoffinancialreportingintermsofnumbers,languageis,infact,the
mediumthroughwhichcompaniescommunicatemuchoftheinformationontheir
pastandprojectedfutureperformance”.Beforeinvestorscanusequantitativeinfor-
mation,theymustdecodeitandprocessitinthefirstplace.Financialtextsprovide
thecontextinwhichitoccurs,theyindicatethekeyelementsandframetheir
perception.Experiencedinvestorsmayagreethatthelinguisticcharacteristics,
suchastone,needtobetakenintoaccountwhenevaluatingquantitativeinforma-
tion:itisnotwhatacompanysays,buthowthecompanysaysitthatmatters
understandingthecomplexitiesoffinancialcommunicationliesinthecombina-
tionofquantitativeandtextualinformation.
Researchintotheroleoflanguageinfinancialcommunicationneedstoinvolve
anumberofdisciplines:linguistics(CrawfordCamiciottoli,2010;Resche,2015;
etal.,2014)andstudiesthatattempttoapplymethodsandconceptsfrompsycho-
logyandlinguisticstofinancialtexts(Loughran&Mcdonald,2016;Twedt&Rees,
2012).WecontributetothisliteraturethatisfocusedontextswrittenintheEnglish
languageasthecommonlanguageofinternationalfinance.Inthisbook,weattempt
toexpandtheanalysisoffinancialcommunicationtoemergingmarketsbyexa-
miningtextswritteninthePolishlanguage.