Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.

Radosław Palonka

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-233-3184-1

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Rok wydania:

2011

Liczba stron:

240

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

Bibliografia:

Palonka, Radosław. Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.. Red. . Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2011, 240 s. ISBN 978-83-233-3184-1

Bibliografia refWorks:

RT Book, Whole

SR Electronic(1)

A1 Palonka, R.

T1 Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.

PB Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

PP Kraków

YR 2011

SN 978-83-233-3184-1

Bibliografia BibTex:

@Book{ 40869, author = "Palonka, Radosław", editor = "", title = "Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.", publisher = "Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego", year = "2011", address = "Kraków", isbn = "978-83-233-3184-1" }

Bibliografia endNote:

TY - BOOK

AU - Palonka, Radosław

ED -

TI - Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.

PB - Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

CY - Kraków

PY - 2011

SN - 978-83-233-3184-1

ER -

Netografia (standard APA):

Palonka, Radosław. Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D. [baza danych online] Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, 2011 [dostęp: 03 07 2024]. Dostęp w Ibuk Libra: https://libra.ibuk.pl/reader/defensive-architecture-and-the-depopulation-of-the-mesa-verde-region-radoslaw-palonka-40869.

Pueblo architecture, Colorado, Mesa Verde National Park

e-ISBN: 978-83-233-8493-9

Thirteenth century A.D. was a time of many changes and reorganization in the ancient Pueblo world in the Mesa Verde region. Still unresolved are the causes of the migration of Pueblo people from the Mesa Verde regi...

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ISBN/ISSN:

978-83-233-3184-1

DOI:

Wydawnictwo:

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

Rok wydania:

2011

Liczba stron:

240

XML:ISBN/ISSN:

ONIX MARC21

LIST OF FIGURES 10
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS13
CHAPTER I: Introduction 15
CHAPTER II: Mesa Verde region – definition, natural environment history and methodology of research 19
II.1. Defi nition and borders of the central Mesa Verde region19
II.2. Natural environment 21
II.3. History and methodology of research 25
II.4. Pueblo culture in the Mesa Verde region and beyond – An outline 32
CHAPTER III: Defi ning and interpreting defensive architecture 38
III.1. Theory and different views on defensive architecture in non-state societies 38
III.1.1. Defensive architecture as a response to threat 40
III.1.2. Defensive architecture as evidence of social changes and economic power 42
III.2. Defi ning Mesa Verdean defensive architecture 43
III.3. Examples of defensive architecture in different non-state societies 45
III.3.1. Defensive sites in other parts of the Southwest 45
III.3.1.a. West-Central Colorado 45
III.3.1.b. Kayenta region, northeastern Arizona 46
III.3.1.c. Perry Mesa, central Arizona 46
III.3.1.d. New Mexico 47
III.3.1.e. Sites on the US-Mexico borderland 48
III.3.1.f. Apache breastworks and Navajo Pueblitos of New Mexico 49
III.3.2. Defensive architecture in other parts of North America50
III.3.3. Defensive sites in prehistoric and early historic central-eastern and southern Europe51
III.3.3.a. Neolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age strongholds and defensive sites 51
III.3.3.b. Early Medieval defensive sites54
CHAPTER IV: Ethnography, ethnohistory, and Native American oral traditions concerning defensive architecture and confl icts in the Southwest 57
IV.1. Ethnohistoric records 58
IV.1.1. Location of sites 60
IV.1.2. Evidence of defensive architecture62
IV.1.3. Information on confl icts and warfare 63

ThejuniperandpiñontreeswereanimportantresourceforancientPuebloansinthe

MesaVerderegion,especiallyassourcesofbeamsforbuildingmaterial(Adamsand

Petersen1999:22–23).Thesetreeswereespeciallyimportantafterresourcesbecame

depletedinsomepartsoftheregionasaresultofhumanactivity(AdamsandBowyer

2002;Kohleretal.2005).Rooﬁngbeamsweresalvagedwhenstructureswereaban-

doned;peoplereusedgoodbeamswhenconstructingnewbuildings(importantissuein

termsofchronologybasedonthetreerings).Treesandshrubsalsoprovidedfueland

materialfortools.

Themostcommonwildfauna(Driver2002:143–160;Smith2002:32–33)important

toancientPueblopeopleintheMesaVerdeareaincludecottontails(Sylvilagus),jackrab-

bits(Lepus),muledeer(Odocoileushemionus),bighornsheep(Oviscanadensis),ante-

lope(Antilocapraamericana)and,lesscommonly,elk(Cervuselaphus).Turkey

(Meleagrisgallopavo)wasalsoveryimportantinthedietofAncestralPuebloans,but

duringthethirteenthcenturyA.D.mostturkeyconsumedwasfromdomesticatedrather

thanwildturkeys(Driver2002:151).Otherspeciesofmammalsandbirdsthatwere

usedrelativelylessincludesuchspeciesasbobcat(Lynxrufus),coyote(Canislatrans),

greyfox(Urocyoncineroargenteus),andrarely,especiallyinMesaVerdeproper,black

bear(Ursusamericanus)andmountainlion(Felisconcolor)(Smith2002:32–33).

Duringthe2,000yearsofPuebloanoccupationoftheMesaVerderegiontherewere

changesinthenaturalenvironment.Somechangesledtoshiftsinsettlementpatterning

andevenmigrationsanddepopulationofthearea(DeanandVanWest2002;Kohleret

al.2005;VanWestandDean2000).Signiﬁcantclimatechange(especiallyaseriesof

coldanddryyears)thatprobablycoincidedresourcedepletion(forexample,deforesta-

tionnearsettlements),occurredabout900A.D.orduringtheearlyPuebloIIperiod.

Theseconditionsprobablycausedapartialdepopulationoftheregion(Kohleretal.

2005;LipeandVarien1999a:253,265).

ClimaticperturbationsandvariabilityinthethirteenthcenturyA.D.werebrought

aboutbytheGreatDrought(A.D.1276–1299)inthenorthernSanJuanregionandepi-

sodescolder-than-normaltemperatures(sometimesconnectedwiththebeginningofthe

LittleIceAge–ca.1200A.D.inmanypartsoftheworldincludingNorthAmerica).

ThesefactorsareconsideredbymanyresearcherstobetheprimaryreasonsthatPuebloan

societiesmigratedsouthandsoutheastoutoftheMesaVerderegion,leavingtheregion

depopulatedbytheendofthirteenthcenturyA.D.ThehighelevationofthecentralMesa

Verderegionmakesitsusceptibletochangesintemperature,andthusthesevariations

mighthaveaffectedancientsocietieslivinginthisregionmorethanthoselivingatlow-

erelevations(Kohleratal.2005).Itisalsoprobablethattheregionwasdepletedofwood

bothforfuelandforbuildingsbythelatethirteenthcenturyA.D.(KohlerandMatthews

1998;Kohleretal.2005),butitdoesn’tseemthatwasoneofthecontributingfactorsof

migrationfromMesaVerderegioninthisperiod(Varienetal.2007:291–292).However,

deforestationisoftenconsideredoneofthemaincausesofcollapseormigrationindif-

ferentancientsocietiesaroundtheworld,forexampleintermsofMayaculture(Źrałka

2008afterShaw2003)orotherpartsoftheworldincludingancientMesopotamia.

AreductioninthenumberofanimalsthatPuebloansintheMesaVerdeareahunted,such

asmuledeerconnectedwithotherfactors,mightalsohavecontributedtodecisionsto

migrate(Kohleretal.2005;Varienetal.2007).

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Defensive Architecture and the Depopulation of the Mesa Verde Region, Utah-Colorado in the Thirteenth Century A.D.

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