Treść książki
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Asithasalreadybeenmentioned,theoperationistheoperationalartsubject
research.AndrzejPolaknotesthatthisconcepthasevolvedfromthevery
beginning.Tenotionhasencompassedtheever-widerscopeoftheartof
warfareundertakings12.Inthe17thcentury,RaimondoMontecuccoli’swork:
“ArteUniversalDeLaGuerra”(1664)definedtheundertakingsasthearmy
combatingeneral.Onehundredyearslater,HenryLloyd,however,argued
thattheoperationwasaspecifcformofactivitiescarriedoutbyindependent
groupings,andtheoperation’sessencewastoactalongtheoperationallines,
athreattotheenemy’stroopsforcingthemtowithdrawfromaspecifcarea
withoutafght13.Teareatakesover,ratherthanenemyforcesdestruction
wastheobjective.HansvonBüllowreasonedinasimilarway;theoperation
wasaboutoutmanoeuvringtheenemy.Terefore,amanoeuvrethatallowed
thegivenforcestooccupyaspecificobjectinthefieldandcutthroughthe
enemy’scommunicationlineswhileavoidingbattlewastheessenceofthe
operation.Tus,theoperationwasanartofoutmanoeuvringtheenemyin
ordertoensurevictory(i.e.achievethegoal)withouttheneedtofight.
Teseviews(manoeuvrestrategy)canbetracedinNapoleonI,apractitioner
whodividedhistroopsintomanoeuvregroup,whichheoperatedonhisway
tothedecisivebattlefield.NapoleonI,treatedtheoperationscommandas
theproperzoneforbattlesandwarsshaping.Hisattemptwastocreategroups
capableofindependentoperationsonthebattlefeld14.Teevolutionelement
inthecaseofNapoleonIwasnotinthe“operation”term-sensebutinterms
ofoperation’seńect.TeNapoleonicoperation,unlikethoseofLloydand
Büllow,wassupposedtoleadtoadecisivebattle.Gainingadominantposition
(advantage)atthebattlebeginningwastheessence.TeNapoleonicBattlewas
notpartoftheoperation,itwasratheritsconsequence,akindofculmination.
HenriJomini(Precisdel<artdelaguerre,1838)andCarlvonClausewitz
(VomKriege,1832-1834)wereNapoleon’sachievementsmainpromoters.
Tefirstofthemsawtheoperationasthephenomenon,method,andstage
ofoperations,placed,dependingonthemomentum,onastrategiclevelor
ahighertacticslevel15.Teother,however,didnotrecognisetheoperationat
all.VonClausewitz,ontheonehand,usedthelanguageofoperationsconcepts.
12
See:A.Polak,Sztukawojenna.Kontekstteoretycznyipraktyczny,“ZeszytyNaukowe
AON”nr3(92),Warsaw2013.
13
Ibid.,p.225-226.
14
See:M.Wiatr,Międzystrategiąataktyką,Toruń1999,p.32-33.
15
See:H.Jomini,SummaryoftheArtofWar,Warsaw1966,p.190-194.
14
