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tionsinorderto‘hear’thelessonandmakinglearnersmemorisethematerial
(cf.Howatt1991:5).
ThefirstforeignlanguagetextbookswerepublishedbyCaxtoninthe
formof‘doublemanuals’,thatisbilingualcoursebooks(Howatt1991:6).
Theywereverypracticalandcontainedeverydaysituationaldialogues,with
nolinguisticinformationabouteitherFrenchorEnglish.Theseriesstressed
thelearner’sintellectualsecurity(Komorowska1999:3)forwhichatextin
thenativelanguageprovidedasupportivepointofreference.
ThefirstcommentsonmodernlanguageteachinginCentralandEastern
Europecomefromtheseventeenthcentury(ibid.).Goodpracticeofthetime
waspresentedinthewritingsofComenius,whoseperceptionoftheclass-
roomteacherwasrevolutionary.Herejectedthetraditionalroleofthe
teacherasasupervisorwhohandedoutself-studytasksthatcouldbetested
(‘heard’)later.Instead,havingthechildrengroupedaroundhim,hebelieved
inexplainingthingsgradually.Onlywhenhewassatisfiedthatthechildren
reallyunderstoodwhatthematterwasabout,didhemoveontolearningthe
newlanguageofthetexts.AccordingtoComenius,thesimplestelements
shouldgofirst,followedbythemoredifficultones.Thisiswhyoneshould
startwiththethingsthatare“short,simple,general,close,regular”,andonly
thenfollowedbywhatis“longer,complex,detailed,moreremoteandir-
regular”(cf.Cieśla1974:72-3).
InOrbisSensualiumPictus(literallyTheWorldoftheSensesinPic-
tures)thepurposeofpicturesis“notto‘illustrate’themeaningsofthe
wordsbuttorepresenttherealworld”(Howatt1991:46),fromwhich,in
Comenius’philosophy,everythingoriginates.Thegoodteachershouldtalk
aboutthepicture,andthechildrenshouldtalkabouttheirideasandfeelings
connectedwiththepicture.Comeniussuggestedthattheyshouldeventry
anddrawtheobjectsforthemselves,asonly“whentheexperiencewas
thoroughlyabsorbedshoulditbeassociatedwiththelanguage”(ibid.).
Thus,children’smotivationisenhancedbytheiractiveparticipationinthe
teachingprocess(cf.Cieśla1974:76-7)andthevisualstimulusofpictures
isrightlyrecognisedasanimportantsourceofchildinterestinthelightof
whatisknownabouteffectiveteachingofchildrennowadays(cf.Wright
andHaleem1991;GerngrossandPuchta1992;Ur1996;Szpotowiczand
Szulc-Kurpaska2009).
InDidacticaanalytica(1648,inKelly1969:277)Comeniusalsospeci-
fiedthefollowingrequirementsforagoodteacher:
XVII.Ateachershouldbecompetenttoteach.[...]
XVII.Ateachershouldbeskilfulinteaching.[...]
XVIII.Ateachershouldbezealousinteaching.[...]
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