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FichteanHatingversusKantianHosting
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23
zensnordoesitpreparegroundforformingourpoliticalwill.Butwasitnot
thiswillandthisrestricted,private,publicopinionwhich-letusbecautious
-contributedtothefallofcommunism?Withtheabsenceoftheenemy,it
ishardtobeacitizen:positiveprojects,includingthatoftransnationalcivil
society,donotarouseemotions.Wouldsuchacivilsocietyincreasepartici-
pation?
38Publicthinking,thinkingtogetherwithothers,isKantianindeed.
Itisnotcommerceandeconomicinterestwhichrenderatransnational
communityutilitarian,butaKantianproposalorevenimperativeofaius
cosmopoliticum.Itwouldbetemptingtorevealthehistoryofideasbehind
theconceptsoflnationalidentity’versuscosmopolitanism,andofcitizenship.
CosmopolitanismhasrootsinthebiblicalProphets,Stoics,Paul,république
deslettres,and,asIhaveinsistedbefore,Kant.Religiondiscoversinnerlifeand
postulatesHLovethystranger”;theProphetsforetellMessianicreconciliation
andpeace.Stoicismwithitsemphasisoninteriorityconstructstheideaof
aHcitizenoftheuniverse.”TeEnlightenmentintroduceshumanrights,at
leasttheoreticallyuniversal,iftheyarenotdroitsdel)hommeetducitoyen.
TephilosopherofinterculturalKönigsbergconstructedhisprojectof
cosmopolitanismwhentheFrenchRevolutiongavebirthtotheHSiamese
brothers”:democracyandnation-state.
39
Italsogeneratedsocialismand
nationalism;thelatter,aCain,killedhissiblings,suppressingl)Étatiquein
thenation-state.Tus,theRevolutionstartedwithcelebratingforeigners
andfinishedwithannihilatingthem.Lecitoyen,inauguratedasaneutral
anduniversaldesignation,ananti-titletoalltitlesanddivisions,cameto
beidentifiedwiththeSame,oneofUs,kithandkin.LikewisetheSoviet
citizen,thoughofciallyinternationalist,aimedatconvertingtheworld
intohisownnationalism,acombinationofWesternapologyofeconomy
andirrationalmonomaniaofexpansion.Tetworevolutionshadnothing
incommonwithKantiancosmopolitanismwhichdweltontheautonomy
ofsubjectivity.TeFrenchRevolutionreplacedsubjectivitywithanall-en-
38
HWhentheU.S.Constitutionwaswritten,representativegovernmentwasanecessity.
Communicationfromacitizentothecapitalcouldtakeweeks.Nowgovernmentbyinstant
referendumistechnologicallyfeasible,andgovernmentpolicyisincreasinglybasedontheebb
andflowofpublicopinion.”MichaelKingsley,HTechnology,Democracy,Money:Historyis
notover.Infact,there’smoreofitthanever.”inTime,March9(1998),vol.151,no.10,p.92.
Althoughtherearesignstothecontrary-AstraTaylor,TePeople)sPlatform:TakingBack
PowerandCultureintheDigitalAge(Toronto:RandomHouseCanada,2014)-inanageof
evernewermedia,couldparticipationtakeplacecosmopolitically?
39
JürgenHabermas,TePhilosophicalDiscourseofModernity(Cambridge:PolityPress,1990),8.