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„Idividualism”vs„collectvism”–normatveorientatonsofthestudiedacademicyouth
33
thatnanindividualhastherighttohisorherowninitiativeandchoiceintheco-
urseofformulatinghisorhergoals,viewsandwaysofbehaviour”8,withoutbeing
pressurizedbyinterestsofanygroupsorsocialorganizationsinwhichitfunctions.
Tepeculiarityofhumannaturemanifestsitselfinpermanentself-creation.nAs
such,anindividualcanfindtherightwaytoactinasociallypositiveway,heorshe
doesnothavetobeforcedtodoso,nordoesheorshehastobetaughttodoso.She
orheisalsoresponsibleforself-realizationandfortheformsofthisrealization,
especiallysincesheorhehastofindinhimorherselfthereasonsforhisorher
action”9.Anintegralpartofreflectionsonindividualism,definedasphilosophical
doctrine,philosophicalorientationorthedimensionofindividualmentality,is
togivemeaningonlytoanindividual,whoisopposedtosociety.Andthediver-
sityandmulti-facetedcharacterofphenomenaintheworldareinterpretedbyan
unlimitednumberofautonomousindividualentities.Adoptingsuchaparadigm
meansthatanindividualisrecognizedasthehighestvalue10.Tepeculiarityof
individualism,asasetofhiddennormativeassumptionsspecifictoanindividual,
consistsintermsofcontentofthesituationperceptionandanalysisaswellasthe
focusonthecompetencetoperformroles,competitionandtheideaofuniqu-
eness,expressedbytheslogannifwebuildoursocietyonaccomplishmentsof
individuals,weensureeachindividualsuchapositioninthecommunitytowhich
hisintelligence,character,abilitiesandambitionentitlethem(...)whileinreturn
theyhavetoundergoasharptrialofcompetition”11.Tirdpartiesareperceived
byanindividualistthroughtheprismoftheircompetences,suchasintelligence,
resourcefulness,sensibilityoringenuity12.
Inthecaseofnormativeorientationattheoppositepoleofthediscusseddi-
mension,theindividualisnotdefinedasaself-containedentity.Heorshemust
nlearntosubordinatehimselforherselftothewillofthecollectiveasadirective
whichisinherentlylegitimate.Heorshealonecannotandshouldnotdefinethe
purposeofhisorherlife.Tecollectivedefineswhatisimportantforanindivi-
dual,andevenifthereisnosuchinspiration,obedienceisenough”13.Teadopted
perspectivedefinestheprinciplethatacollectiveisalwaysright,i.e.nanindividual
isonlyresponsibleforthenegativeefectsofhisorheractionsifheorsheacts
againstthewillofthecollective.Alsotheefectsofpositiveactionsmaybedisap-
8Tamże,s.94.
9Tamże.
10I.Jakubowska-Branicka,Czyjesteśmyinni?Czyliwposzukiwaniuabsolutnegoautorytetu,
Warszawa2000,s.183.
11TheauthorofthewordsisH.Hoover,w:W
.Daab,Indywidualizmapoglądy…,dz.cyt.,s.106-
109.
12W
.Daab,Indywidualizmikolektywizm…,dz.cyt.,s.125-127.
13K.Obuchowski,dz.cyt.,s.94.
WydawnictwoNaukoweUAM–wszelkieprawazastrzeżone
