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Aadministrativejudiciary
thesametimethelargestunitoftheterritorialdivisionofthecountryinorder
toperformthepublicadministration.Inthevoivodshipthereexistsimultane-
ouslytheg.a.–carryingoutactionsforthebenefitofthestate,understoodas
awhole,aswellasthel.g.a.–carryingouttasksintheregionalsphere,onbehalf
ofthelocalcommunityandunderitsresponsibility(localgovernmenthasalegal
personalityseparatefromthestate).Theyaredifferentiatedbytasksandcom-
petencesandauthorities:voivodeinthetheg.a.,thevoivodshipboard(headed
bythemarshal)inthel.g.a.,aswellasofficialstructure:respectivelyvoivodship
officeandmarshal’soffice.Thea.d.generatescertainmootpoints,evenwhen
assessingthemeasurableeffectsoftheadministration,orwhenimplementing
theEUprogrammesandaidfunds.Inthecontextofa.d.the→subsidiarity
principleisofsubstantialimportance,whichrequiresassigningthepublictask
tothelowestpossiblelevel(ifitisabletodothejobproperly).Thea.d.also
occursinotherEuropeancountries(Franceatthelevelofdepartmentsand
municipalities,Germanyatthelevelofmunicipalitiesandcounties).Anexample
ofaninversestructureistheadministrativemonism,assumingonlyonepublic
administrationstructure(exampleofEngland).[J.Wojnicki]
Literature:H.Izdebski,M.Kulesza,Administracjapubliczna:zagadnieniaogólne[Pub-
licadministration:generalissues],Warszaw2004■E.Ochendowski,Prawoadministra-
cyjne;częśćogólna[Administrativelaw;generalpart],Toruń2013■Z.Leoński,Nauka
oadministracji[Administrativescience],Warszawa2010.
ADMINISTRATIVEJUDICIARY–fromthesubjectiveperspective,itincludes
the→SupremeAdministrativeCourt(SAC)andadministrativecourts(cur-
rently,16voivodshipadministrativecourts),whichperformtheadministra-
tionofjusticeintheRepublicofPolandasspecial/separatecourts(nexttothe
SupremeCourt,commoncourtsandmilitarycourts).Fromthesubjectmatter
perspective,thisisakindofcontrolofactivity(orinaction)ofpublicadminis-
trationperformedbythestatebodiesindependentofthepublicadministration
(externalcontroloftheadministration).Administrativejudiciaryisoneofthe
basicguaranteesofthedemocraticruleoflawandconsistsprincipallyinjudg-
ingthelegalityofadministrativeacts.Thebasicaimofjudicial-administrative
controlistoprotecttherightsofcitizensbyensuringthelegitimateactivityof
theadministrationtowardsthecitizens(protectionofsubjectiverights)and
theprotectionoftheobjectivelegalorderoftheRepublicofPoland.Admin-
istrativecontrolconductedbytheadministrativecourtsalsoincludesdeciding
oncompliancewiththestatutesoflocalgovernment’sresolutionsandnorma-
tiveactsofgovernmentadministration’sterritorialbodies,resolvingcompe-
tencedisputesbetweenlocal-governmentandgovernmentadministration,and
verifyingsupervisorydecisionsonlocalgovernmentbodies.Administrative
controlbyadministrativecourtsoperatesonthebasisofacomplaint(com-
plainttovacandcassationappealtotheSAC),itcannotbeinitiatedexoffi-
cio.Unlikecommoncourts,thedecisionsofadministrativecourttakeformof
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