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Keydefinitions
Bestavailable
technology
(BAT)
Cleanerpro-
duction(CP)
Eco-efficiency
Efficiency
Embodied
energy
Energyaudits
Energy
efficiency
EnergyenduseAkindofapplicationofenergy(e.g.boilers,compressors,motors,etc.)
Thetechnologyapprovedfor“providinginprinciplethebasisforemissionlimit
valuesdesignedtopreventand,wherethatisnotpracticable,generallytoreduce
emissionsandtheimpactontheenvironmentasawhole”(Directive2008/1/
EC).BATasthecoreoftheIPPCdirectivewascalled“TheSevillaProcess:
adriverforenvironmentalperformanceinindustry”(CikankowitzandLaforest,
2013).BATcanbeusedatthelevelofanindividualinstallation.Thetechnology
isassessedusingexpertmethodsinwhichthecriteriamostfrequentlyapplied
arethetechnicalfeasibilityofimplementation,environmentalbenefits,and
economicprofitability(Fijał,2007).
Thecontinuoususeofintegratedpreventiveenvironmentalstrategies(and
controlpollutionofair,waterandsoil,toreducethewasteofemissions)in
theprocessofindustrialproductionandproductdesigninordertoreducetheir
possibledamagetohumansandtheenvironment,atthesametimetosatisfy
humanneeds,whichisoneofthebestproductionmodelstomaximizesocial
andeconomicbenefits.Itisalsoconsideredasnecessarytool/plantoreach
sustainabledevelopment(Gavrilescu,2014).Cleanerproductionandcircular
economyareadvancedthoughtsofeconomicdevelopmentandtheeconomic
developmentpattern,inaddition,itistheinevitablewayoftheindustry,regional
sustainabledevelopment(Lietal.,2015).
Inthebusinessdefinition,eco-efficiencyisamanagementstrategybasedonthe
evolvingconceptofcreatingmorecompetitivelygoodsandserviceswithless
impactontheenvironment(fewerresources,lesswasteandpollution).Itmeans
theeco-efficiencyembracescleanerproductionsuchasefficientuseofraw
materials,pollutionprevention,sourcereduction,wasteminimization,whileat
thesametimeprotectingemployeehealthandsafety.Inthethermodynamic
measureforthesystem,thetermisdefinedintermsofeitherheatcontentorthe
capacitytoperformusefulwork(UNIDO,2011).
Efficiencycanbecalculatedanumberofways;however,theefficiencynumbers
thatEPAcitesare„totalsystemefficiency,”definedasthetotalelectricityand
usefulthermalenergyoutputofthesystemdividedbythefuelusedtoproduce
theelectricityandusefulthermalenergy(EPA,2018).
Embodiedenergyistheenergyutilizedduringproductionstagewhichincludes
energycontentofallenergyinputs(fuels/power,materials,humanresources
etc.)fromextraction,transportationtothesite,manufacturing,andconstruction
tobringingittothemarket,anddisposal/re-use(Gazietal.,2012).
Inotherwords,anenergyauditisdefinedasasystematicprocedurethatidenti-
fiesthefactorsthathaveaneffectontheenergyconsumption.
Energyefficiencyasthemostcost-effectiveisoftendefinedastheratiobetween
theusefuloutputofaprocessandtheenergyinputintoaprocess(Siitonenetal.,
2010)thatimprovesustainabilityperformanceoffacilities.Specificdefinition
atthedifferentsituations(e.g.machineenergyefficiencyandprocessenergy
efficiency)ispresentedinZhouetal.(2007).
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