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Chapter1
Thesubjectofinternationalprivate
labourlaw
Itisgenerallyacceptedthatprivateinternationallawisabranchofnational(in-
ternal)law,whichgovernsconflictsbetweenrulesofsubstantivelawthatshould
beusedfortheevaluationofsocialrelationsshapedbysuchlawsandproce-
dures.Inthecaseoflabourlaw,thesubjectofprivateinternationallabourlaw
arestandards,whichallowtoselectandapplylabourlawstandardsofparticu-
larMemberStatestoassessthelegalpositionsofpartieswithinlegalrelations
regulatedbyemploymentlaw(workers,employers)andsocialsecuritylaw(the
insured,policyholdersandinsurers).Labourandsocialsecuritylawisabranch
capableofacertainreachonly.Withinthevastmajorityofcountries,labourand
socialrightsaregovernedbyonesystemoflabourlawandonesystemofsocial
securitylaw.Occasionally,thefederalstatesintheirvariousorganisationalunits,
whichmakeupthefederation(states,provinces,regions,republics),havewithin
theirstructuretwoseparatesystemsoflawbothforlabourandforsocialsecurity.
Establishingaworkrelationshipbetweenparties,ofwhichatleastoneofthepar-
tiescomesundertheregulationsofanothermemberstate,eitheronthegrounds
ofnationality(lexpatriae),orresidencedomicile(employee,insured)(lexdomi-
cilii),orbecauseofthelocationoftheheadquarterssitus(employer,insurer,the
insurertheinsurance)(lexreisitae),makesregulationnecessaryofthecontentof
legalrelationsgovernedbydiferentnationalsystemsoflabourandsocialsecurity
law.Teoreticallyspeaking,labourandsocialsecurityrelationsmayberegulated
bytheruleswhichformpartofasystemoflabourlaworsocialsecuritylawen-
forcedinacountryfromwhichoneofthecontractingpartiescomesunder.In
situationswheretheworkisprovidedinacountrywithwhichthelabourorsocial
securityrelationshavenoties,appropriateregulationsofrightsmaystemfrom
thelawsthatareenforcedattheplaceofwork(lexlocilaboris).
Atthecoreofnationallabourandsocialsecuritylawlikemanyothersys-
temsofprivateorpubliclaw,whicharelaiddownbytheauthoritiesofsovereign
nationsliestheprincipleofterritoriality.Withintheonenationalterritoryor
withinitsautonomouspart,onlyonesystemoflabourandsocialsecuritylaw
shouldapply.Tisruledoesnotallowanyderogationinthecaseofregulatingla-
bourrelationsandsocialsecurityrelationsestablishedbetweenthepartieshaving
thesamenationality,orhavingresidentstatusand/oranestablishedheadquar-
terswithintheterritoryoftheonecountryandcarryingoutbusinesswithinit,