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Sometopicalissuesofcommercialobligationrelationships…
theCivilCode,andthereforeitisvirtuallysolelytaughtbydepartments
oftheprivateorcivillaw8.Thisiscausedbyunderstandingthedefinition
ofcommercialobligationsassuch.
Accordingtothepreviouslegalregulationlaiddownins.261and
subseq.oftheCommercialCode,thecommercialcharacteroftheobliga-
tionrelationshiparoseeitherfromthefactthatitconcernedtherelation
betweenbusinesspersons(traders)inundertakingtheirbusinessactivities,
orbetweenabusinesspersoninundertakinghisbusinessactivityandthe
stateorterritorialself-governingunitinprocuringpublicneeds,and/orstate
organizationtowhichprocurementofpublicneedswasdelegatedbythe
state(thesocalledHrelativetrades”),orfromtheverynatureofthings
―fromthenatureofcertaintypicallybusinessorotherentrepreneurial
acting,fromcertaincontractstowhichsuchacharacterwasacknowledged
onthebasisoftheirnature(thesocalledHtypetrades”,formerlyHabsolute
trades”).Pursuanttos.262oftheCommercialCodetherealsocameinto
questionselectionofaregimeoftheCommercialCode,andthustheso
calledHfacultativetrades”cameintoexistence9.
OnlyinthelastyearsofthevalidityoftheCivilandCommercialCode(s)
―whichregulatedtheseproblems―therehasbeenimplementedaclassifi-
cationofobligationalrelationsinthewayasitiscommonintheworld,i.e.
B2B,B2CandP2P10.Previousdivisionintoabsolute/relative/facultativetrades
madebigtroublesinpractice,particularlyintherelationswhereinHabsolute
trades”thereactedaconsumer,whichwasnoticeablewithcredits,accounts,
etc.Forinstanceintheareaofadmissibilityoflatepaymentcontractualinter-
estwhichtheCommercialCodeallowed,whiletheCivilCode―according
tocourts―not.Injudiciarypractice,theamountofthesuedinterestis―of
course―veryhigh,andintheoutcomesuchdichotomyagaincausedhuge
complicationsforjudicialprocessesandpracticalapplicationofthelaw.The
sameapplied,forinstance,totheissueofdisposalofalimitationperiod11.
ThenewCivilCodeallowedforthefact―alreadyfromthebegin-
ning―thatitwouldincorporateintolegalregulationsomenewinstitutes
8OutputsregardingtheteachingofCommercialLawfromthemeetingofthe
departmentsfrom2012areavailableat:htp://www.law.muni.cz/dokumenty/20945.
9I.Štenglová,S.Plíva,M.Tomsa,etal.:CommercialCode.Commentary.
13thedition.Praha,C.H.Beck,2010,p.897.
10Business-to-business,contractswhichareenteredintobetweenbusinesspersons;
Business-to-consumercontracts,contractswhereononesidethereisabusinessperson
andontheothersideaconsumerandPrivate-to-private―contractswhereonboth
sidesthereactprivatepersons.SprávněP
.Lavický:Criticalnotesontheconceptofthe
drafoftheCivilCode.”Právnírozhledy”2007,no.23,p.848.
11TheretoforinstanceM.Selucká,etal.:Koupěaprodej./PurchaseandsaleNew
CivilCode.Společnáevropskáprávniúpravaprodeje./CommonEuropeanlegalregulationof
sale.1stedition.Prague,C.H.Beck,2013,p.212.
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