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TomislavKarlović(UniversityofZagreb)
SOMEREMARKSONTHECONCLUSION
OFCONTRACTSINTERABSENTESINROMANLAW
1.Consensuality–thecatalystfortheuseofcontractsinterabsentes–2.Theunresolvedque-
stion–whenisthecontractconcluded?–3.Mandatum–mandategivenbyletteranddelayed
knowledgeofmandator,sdeath–4.Thecommunicationofrenuntiatioinpartnership–5.Legal
positionofthepartiesregardingdispatchedletter.
1.TheintroductionofconsensualcontractsintotheRomanlegalorderrepresentsan
importantthresholdforvariousreasons,oneofthembeingthechangeregardingthe
employablemodesofcontractformation1.Beforethat,theformsthathavebeenusedto
createobligationswereverystrictanddependantonthesimultaneouspresenceofboth
contractingpartiesatthesameplace2.Theycorrespondedwiththeneedsandcustomsof
closedcommunityandlimitedtradevolumethatallowedasingleperson,paterfamilias,
1
TheexacttimewhenconsensualcontractsobtainedlegalsanctionishighlydebatedquestioninRoma-
nisticliterature.Thelackofsourcesforthefirstpartofpreclassicalperiodanddifferencesinrelationtosingle
contractsallowonlyforgeneralestimateswhichputitin3rdand/or2ndCenturyBC.Fordifferentviewsonthe
development,withexhaustiveoverviewofotherworksonthetopic,primarilyregardingsale,butalsoother
contracts,cf.M.Horvat,Bonafidesurazvojurimskogobveznogprava,Zagreb1939,p.41sqq.;V
.Arangio-
-Ruiz,Lacompravenditaindirittoromano,Napoli1954;A.Watson,ContractofMandateinRomanLaw,
Oxford1961,p.1sqq.;idem,TheOriginsofConsensualSale:aHypothesis,TR,vol.32:1964,p.245sqq.;
L.Labruna,Plauto,Manilio,Catone:premesseallostudiodel,emptio’consensuale,„Labeo”,vol.14:1968,
p.24sqq.;M.Talamanca,Venditaingenerale[in:]Enciclopediadeldiritto,vol.56,Milano1993,p.303sqq.;
C.Cascione,Consensus:problemidiorigine,tutelaprocessuale,prospettivesistematiche,Napoli2003,p.247
sqq.;L.Gagliardi,Prospettiveintemadioriginedellacompravenditaconsensualeromana[in:]Lacompra-
venditael’interdipendenzadelleobbligazionineldirittoromano,vol.1,Padova2007,p.103,115sqq.
2
Ontheformalelementsofstipulatiocf.F.Liebe,DieStipulationunddaseinfacheVersprechen,
Braunschweig1840;W.Girtanner,DieStipulationundihrVerhältnisszumWesenderVertragsobligation
insbesonderezumCreditum,Kiel1859;C.Karsten,DieBedeutungderFormimObligationenrecht,vol.1,
Rostock1878;E.Weiss,Stipulatio,RE,Bd.3A,p.2539sqq.;S.Riccobono,Stipulationandthetheoryof
contract,trans.J.KerrWylie,revisedbyB.Beinart,Amsterdam–CapeTown1957;B.Nicholas,TheForm
oftheStipulationinRomanLaw,LQR,vol.69:1953,p.63,233;B.Biondi,Sponsioestipulatio,„Labeo”,
vol.4:1958,p.78sqq.;F.Pastori,Appuntiintemadisponsioetstipulatio,Milano1961;G.Sacconi,Ricerche
