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Introduction
Studyofthesubjectoflearningisacomplexmatter,mainlyundertaken
inthefeldsofpsychologyandpedagogy,butalsovariousothersciences.For
example,biology,neurology,medicine,sociology,culturalstudiesandeconom-
ics.Thismultidisciplinaryapproachhascausedanincreaseinthesubject’s
complexity,whichcanbeseeninthenearlyinnumerablenumberoforiginaland
overlapping,newandrefurbishedconceptsandtheoriesoflearning,aswell
asinthefocusonthestudyoflearningineducationalpractice.Learninghas
ceasedtobeaprocessreservedforchildhoodandyouth,andhasbeguntobe
consciouslypursuedbypeoplethroughouttheirlifetime,fromearlychildhoodto
lateoldage.Similarly,theprocesshasexpandedspatially,thatis,ithasceased
tobeidentifedonlywithschool,andhasbecomeacharacteristicofallhuman
spaces,suchasthehomeandworkplace,inpublicspacesandonline.
Thepurposeofthisfrstchapterisnottoprovidecriticalanalysisoftheories
ortheconstructionofnewones,becausetherearemanyseparatescientifc
worksdevotedtothis.Instead,itsmainaimistopresentthegenerally-accepted
knowledgeofthesubjectoflearning,andbasedonthat,buildandpresent
theconceptofintergenerationallearningasusedintheICTGuidesproject’s
assumptions,andinpracticaleducationalactivities.
1.1.Learninginpreferencetoeducation
Thefrstattemptstoanalyzethepractiseoflearningweremadeinaphil-
osophicalcontextaspartofthestudyofknowledge,whichwastreatedas
aresultoflearning.InhisTheaetetusdialogue,Platoarguedthatknowledgeis
truebelief,orconvictionsjustifedbyearlierexperiencesandreflections.Almost
twothousandyearslater,theCartesianconceptofthemindasanautonomous
individualandJohnLocke’sconceptoftabularasacreatedoppositiontothe
scientifcthinkingoftheindividualandsociety.Thus,astrictdivisionwasintro-
ducedbetweenhumansasindividualsandhumansasacollective(society).It
wassoonnotedthataperson’senvironmentisthebasisforformationoftheir
qualitiesandmeansofsurvival.Therefore,theneedalsoarosetocreatesyn-
ergiesbetweenpeopleandtheirenvironment.Theanswertothisneedwasthe