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PartOne:Culturalbackgroundofthefamilycrisis
tobeinthecentrethereof,thefamilyisnolongeracollectivewhole.Everyone
inthefamilyseemstopossesstheirownplanofeverydayactivity,independ-
entoftheplansandthewilloftheremainingfamilymembers.Tetraditional
axiologyofthecommunityrestsonthehierarchyofsocialpositions,patriarchal
structure,andthepresenceofreligiousrituals;itiswithintheseframesthat
everyonevalidatesthetasksheorshefulfilsinthefamily.Today,however,the
axiologybasedonservingotherhumanbeingsisbeingreplacedbytheaxiology
ofindividualism,democratisation,partnership,andthepresenceoflayrituals
(firstofall,consumerism).Inthepost-modernfamily,theindividualis“oriented
andself-centered;emancipatedandde-rootedfromtraditionalcommunityaf-
filiations;individuallyandegocentricallycreateshisorheridentityinareflexive
manner.”30
Bothformsoffamilyarefrequentlyopposedtoday(atraditionaloneversus
apost-modernone)inaccordancewiththeruletertiumnondatur;however,it
shouldbeemphasisedthatrealisationofbothmodelsinthepracticeoffamily
lifeisnotexcluded.Aferall,itisnotdifculttoimagineatraditionalmar-
riage(evenamulti-childrenone)whichrealisestheideaofequalrightsinterms
ofhomeobligationsandbothparentsworkingprofessionally.Terealisation
ofamixedfamilytypeis,however,sodifcultthatinthe1980s,Anglophone
literaturepopularisedthetermwork-lifeconflict,definingatthesametimeone
ofthemostimportantproblemsofeverydaylifeinsuchfamilies.31
1020Dropinfertility(weakeningreproductivemotivation)
Nowadays,attheturnofthetwenty-firstcentury,thereis“notasinglecountry
(exceptforAlbany)inwhichTFR[TotalFertilityRate,wherethevalue2.1guar-
anteestheabilitytoreplacegenerations-M.B.]wouldexceed2.1;in24states
(outof36)itisbelow1.5,andin11,below1.3.ExceptforEurope,suchdeep
changesinfertilityrateareextremelyrare;theywouldoccurmainlyinEastAsia
orSouth-EastAsia(Japan,SouthKorea,Singapore),AustraliaandCanada.”32
Suchasituationcanbecalledadepressioninfertilityrate.33Additionally,in
30M.Kapias,A.Lipski,G.Polok:Aksjologiawczasachkulturymłodości-szkicdoportre-
tu.Katowice2012,p.78.
31SeeJ.H.Greenhaus,N.J.Beutell:“Sourcesofconflictbetweenworkandfamilyroles.”
TeAcademyofManagementReview10/1(1985),pp.76-88;B.Schneider,L.Waite:BeingTo-
gether,WorkingApart:Dual-EarnerFamiliesandWork-LifeBalance.Cambridge2005;F.Mc-
Ginnity,E.Calvert:“Work-lifeconflictandsocialinequalityinWesternEurope.”SocialIndi-
catorsResearch93/3(2009),pp.489-508.
32M.Okólski,A.Fihel:Demografa.Współczesnezjawiskaiteorie.Warszawa2012,p.136;
SeeM.Bernasiewicz:“Rodzinawkonflikcie…,”pp.87-100.
33SeeM.Okólski:“Wyzwaniademograficzne…,”p.46.
