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CommentsontheSourcesofGreekPhilosophicalCriticism
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everyphilosophyiscritical,butonlyinthebroadestsensedescribedabove.
Ofcourse,thisthesisassumesthatdefacto,thereisnophilosophywith-
outpremises,whichisnotanovelidea,thoughitremainscontroversial
forsomeanderroneousforothers(phenomenologists,forexample).Philo-
sophicalreflectionbeginswiththeindicationofaboundary(boundaries),
whichmeansthatitisabsentfromtheundifferentiatedwhole,ortheOne,
whichPlatodiscussedinhypothesisIofparttwoofthedialoguePar-
menides.
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Thisbroadestformofcriticismmaybedescribedassource-
-separativecriticism.
Inanarrowersense,ashasalreadybeenmentioned,criticismmaybe
understoodasacertaincognitiveapproachinoppositiontodogmatism,
whichconsistsinconstantinquiry,involvesaceaselesssearchfortruth,
andrequiresthemostcomprehensiveanalysispossibleofanyissuesub-
jectedtostudy,yetwithoutclaimingtohaveachievedanyfinal,irrefut-
abletruth.Aswehavealreadyestablished,suchacognitiveapproach
istiedinwithacertainqualityofthoughtconsistinginamulti-aspected
referencetogivenfactsandintheirconfrontationwithone’sownconvic-
tions,whichleadstothenecessityofreflectingonthereasonswhythese
convictionsareheld,andresultsinthepossibilityofrevisingone’sviews.
Inthissense,criticismcorrespondswiththesourceGreekunderstand-
ingofskepticism
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aszeteticanti-dogmatism.Criticismunderstoodasthis
typeofskepticismstandsinoppositionbothtopositiveandnegative
dogmatism,bothinitsactual(weaker)andmodal(strong)dimensions,
andthereforeaskepticsearchesfortruthwithoutprejudgingwhether
hewillattainitornot.Iproposetocallthistypeofcriticismanti-
-dogmaticcriticism.
8PlatowritesthatmtheOneneitheris,norisone(žnoÜte›nśstinoÜteœstin),andadds
thatjinthatcasejtheOnemhasnoname,noristhereanydescription,norknowledge,
norperception,noropinionofit”(OÙd’¥raÔnomaœstinaÙtùoÙdelÒgogoÙdštigśpist»mh
oÙdśa‡sqhsigoÙdśdÒxa).Plato,Parmenides,141e-142a.
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jlaidoutexpressisverbisbySextusEmpiricus,andearlierpresentimpliciteinthetexts
ofpre-Pyrrhonianthinkers.