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Letussummarizethemainresultsofouranalysis.Wehave
distinguishedtwoconceptsofformaljustice:formaljusticeas
arequirementofaconsistentapplicationofrules,andformaljustice
aspartofformulasofmaterialjusticeregulatingthewayofdealing
withunequalcases.Theformeroperatesattheleveloftheapplication
ofrules,thelatteratthelevelofthecontentofrules.Theformerisin
asensetrivial,asitisasimpleconsequenceoftheveryconceptof
ruleasageneral,i.e.,dispensingwithpropernames,aguidefor
action.Thelatterisnon-trivial,asitdeterminesthemannerofalso
handlingunequalcases,andthehandlingofunequalcases(unlike
equaloneswhichsimplyhavetobetreatedequally)canbedonein
severaldifferentandincompatibleways.Wehaveputforwardthe
conjecturethatthesourceofPerelman’sconfusionofthetwo
conceptsofformaljusticewashisbeliefthatunequalcasescanonly
behandledinoneway–bymeansoftheruleofproportionality.But
recentdevelopmentsingametheoryshowthattheruleof
proportionalityisnottheonlyrationalwayofdealingwithunequal
cases,theotherbeingthecontested-garmentrulefromtheTalmudic
tradition.Attheendofthispapersomeadditionalobservations
regardingthetwoconceptsofformaljusticemaybeinorder.
First,Concept1offormaljusticeisdeterminate,andconcept2is
indeterminate:ithastobedeterminedbyspecifyingthewayof
dealingwithunequalcases.Itshouldbestressedthatthatthe
indeterminacyofconcept2offormaljusticeistoalargeextent(or
perhapsentirely)removedinlegalsystems.Legalrulesarenot
formulatedinthegeneralwayinwhichformulasofjusticeas
discussedinphilosophicaltextsare.Forinstance,intaxlaw,thereis
noruleofthesort„fromeachaccordingtohis/herincome”;it
containsveryspecificrulesexplicatingthisgeneralformulaand
therebyindicatingwhetheritshouldbeinterpretedinthespiritof
proportionality(lineartaxsystem)ornot(progressivetaxsystem).
Thus,judgesdonothavetochoosebetweenvariouswaysof
understandingformaljustice.Buttheproblemoftheindeterminacy
mayappearinthecontextofvarioustypesofnegotiationstaking
place‘outside’or‘attheperiphery’oflegalsystem,andtherebynot
