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researchwasthustodeterminethemagnitude
andspecificsofchangesinairtemperature
MonikaOkoniewska
duringhoursaroundnoon,bothyearlyandin
theindividualseasonsoftheyearandmonths.
2.Researchareaandmethods
Teresearchmaterialconsistedofdataobtained
fromthePolishInstituteofMeteorologyand
WaterManagement-NationalResearchInsti-
tute(IMGW-PIB),andinvolvedairtempera-
ture(OC)fromthreemeteorologicalstations:in
Kołobrzeg,PoznańandKraków,from12p.m.
UTC,fromeachdayoftheyears1951-2018
(https://dane.imgw.pl/data/dane_pomiarowo_
obserwacyjne).Tesearesynopticstations
(PoznańandKraków-firstorder,Kołobrzeg
-secondorder),takingmeasurementscon-
tinuouslyusingautomaticequipment.Testa-
Table1.Geographiclocationofstations
Station
φ
54O11’N
52O25’N
50O03’N
Kołobrzeg
Poznań-Ławica
Krakow-Observatory
Kołobrzegrepresentsthestretchofthe
SouthernBalticCoasts.Itislocatedonthe
SlovincianCoast(theKoszalinCoastlandmac-
roregion),atthemouthoftheParsętariver
flowingintotheBalticSea.Heretheaverage
annualairtemperatureis8.1OC,andtheaver-
agemonthlytemperatures-thewarmestand
thecoldest-are16.9OC(JulyandAugust)
and-0.4OC(January),respectively(Kozłows-
ka-Szczęsnaetal.,2002).Temeasurementsta-
tioninKołobrzegislocatedbetweenthetown
andthehealthresort,inthevicinityoflowbut
denselydistributedsingle-familybuildings.
PoznańislocatedwithinthePoznańLake
District,whichisapartoftheGreaterPoland
Lakelandfeaturingnotparticularlydiverseland
relief(Kondracki,2002).Teaverageairtem-
peratureinPoznańis9.0OC.Julyisthewarm-
estmonth,withanaveragetemperatureof
19.0OC,withJanuarybeingthecoldest,whenthe
monthlyaveragedropsto-0.7OC(Grajewskiand
Pacholczyk,2012).Temeteorologicalstationis
placedinthePoznań-Ławicaairport,locatedin
thewestern,peripheralpartofthecity.Tearea
aroundthemeteorologicalgardenisflat,lacking
anynaturalorartificialobstacles.
tiongroundsensuretherepresentativenessof
measurementsandobservations,andthemea-
surementsareperformedinameteorological
garden.Airtemperatureismeasuredinamete-
orologicalcage,andtheinstrumentsthem-
selvesarelocated2mabovethegroundlevel.
Tisdatawasaveragedforindividualmonths,
seasonsandyears.Testationswerechosen
basedontheavailabilityofhomogeneousseries
ofdatainordertodemonstratevariabilityofair
temperatureinnorthern,centralandsouthern
Poland(Table1).
λ
15O35’E
16O50’E
19O49’E
Hs[ma.s.l.]
5
86
220
Krakówislocatedatthemeetingpoint
ofseveralgeographicregions:theKraków
Gate,theOświęcimBasin,theSandomierz
Basin,theWesternBeskidianFoothills,the
Kraków-Częstochowa
Upland
(Kondracki,
2002).Heretheaverageannualairtempera-
tureis8.3OC.Julyisthewarmestmonth,with
anaverageairtemperatureof18.5OC;January
isthecoldest,whenthemonthlyaverageis
-2.1OC(Kuchcik,2017).Tepaperusesdata
fromtheKraków-Observatorymeteorological
stationlocatedapproximately2kmawayfrom
thecentreofthecity,intheareaofthelefriver
terraceoftheVistula.Tedirectsurroundings
ofthestationconsistofparkgreenery;slightly
furtherawaytherearetypicalcitybuildings
distributedalongstreetswithhighintensityof
roadtrafc(Piotrowiczetal.,2011).
Teaveragemonthly,seasonalandannual
valuesofairtemperaturewerecalculatedalong
withstandarddeviationbasedonthedata
from12p.m.UTC;thehighestandlowest
temperaturevaluesweredetermined.Te
averagevaluesoftemperatureintheconsec-
utivedecadesofthestudiedperiodwerealso
calculated.Usingthelinearregressionanalysis,
