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Chapter1-NubiaintheMeroiticandpost-Meroiticperiods
possiblyfromtheWesternDesert,andtheBlem-
myesfromtheEasternDesertencroachedonthe
area(Strouhal1984;Ricke1967).TheBlemmyes
arewellattestedinthewrittensources,andthey
andothergroupsoccupiedtheregionoftheem-
eraldandberylminesatMonsSmaragdusinthe
EasternDesert(e.g.,Dijkstra2012).However,the
ethnicterm“Blemmye”needstobeusedwithcare
sinceitprobablyincludedawidevarietyofpeople
livingbetweentheRedSeaandtheNileValley
(Dijkstra2012).ThepresenceoftheseEastern
DesertdwellersintheNileValleyismarkedby
EasternDesertWare,whichisfoundintheEast-
ernDesertasfarastheEgyptianRedSeaports
ofBerenike,MarsaNakari,andQuseirtothe
northeast,andtheFifthCataractregioninSudan
tothesouth(Barnard2006;2008;Barnardand
Magid2006).Additionally,theirtumulusgraves
arefoundonthewestandeastbanksoftheLower
NubianNileValleyatKalabshaandWadiQitna,
wheretheydatetothemid-4thcenturyAD,i.e.,
aboutAD330/340-370/380(Ricke1967;Strouhal
1984;Williams1991b:12).
TheNobadiankingSilkoconqueredthe
Blemmyesinthemid-5thcenturyADandtheearly
NobadianroyalandelitecemeteryatQustulis
datedtoaroundAD370-380,whilethatatBal-
lañadatestoaroundAD420(EmeryandKirwan
1938;Farid1963).Thelargestofthegreattumuli
wasnearly80mindiameterand12mhigh.Sev-
eralhadmulti-chamberedsubstructurestocon-
taintheburialanditsabundantgravegoods.The
kingswereburiedwiththeirregalia,includingsil-
vercrowns,andspearsandothermilitaryequip-
ment.Importedmaterialsincludingmetalves-
sels,itemsoffurniture,horseharnesses,wooden
boxeswithivoryinlays,gameboardsandgaming
pieces,toiletarticles,andalargequantityofpot-
tery,nottheleastMediterraneanamphorae,were
probablyusedinthefuneraryrituals.Agreatdeal
ofbeadworkandjewellerywasalsoburiedwith
them.
Followingexcavationsinthesouth,atTan-
qasi,Hammur,andEl-Hobagi(e.g.,Shinnie1954;
Żurawski2000;Lenobleetal.1994;Lenoble2004b),
itwasassumedthatthesetumuluscemeterieswere
counterpartstotheNobadiancemeteriesatQus-
tulandBallaña.RoyalburialsintheEarlyMaku-
rianregionhavenotbeenidentifieduntilrecently.
Nevertheless,therecentfindsofornamentsand
Table1-1.GeneralchronologyofEgypt,LowerNubia,UpperNubiaandCentralSudan
(afterFisheretal.2012;El-Tayeb2013;Williams1991;WelsbyandAnderson2004)
Egypt
LowerNubia
UpperNubia
Abbreviation
LatePeriod
(Dynasties25-30)
Napatan
Napatan
N
PtolemaicPeriod
EarlyMeroitic
EarlyMeroitic
EM
EarlyRoman
ClassicMeroitic
ClassicMeroitic
M
LateMeroitic
LM
LateRoman
LateMeroitic
TransitionalLate
MeroitictoEarly
Makuria
LM/PM
EarlyMakuria
PhaseI(Early
Post-Meroitic)
EPM
Byzantine
(AD395-640)
EarlyNobadian/
Post-Meroitic
EarlyMakuria
PhaseII(Late
Post-Meroitic)
LPM
EarlyMakuria
(TerminalPhase)
TPM
IslamicPeriod
ChristianNobadia
ChristianMakuria
Ch
Central
Sudan
Napatan
~722-332BC
Meroitic
~400-200BC
Classic
Meroitic
~100BC-AD
200
Late
Meroitic
~AD200-300
~AD250-350
Post
Meroitic
~AD350-450
~AD450-550
Alwa
~AD550-600
Christian
Alwa
AD641-1400
PAMMonographSeries10
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