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CHAPTER4
MORPHOLOGICALDESCRIPTIONOFGLASSSAMPLES
4.1INTRODUCTION
Themorphologicaldescriptionofglassbeads
(centrallyperforatedobjects)andpendants
(objectswithoH-centerperforationorwithat-
tachedloop)followstheterminologyofMaud
Spaer(2001)andPeterFrancisJr(2002).However,
Spaer’sworkprimarilycategorizesglassobjects
accordingtonon-decoratedanddecoratedcat-
egories(trail-decorated,mosaic,crumbandspot,
andgold-in-glass).Inthepresentstudy,thetypol-
ogyisbasedprincipallyontechniqueofmanu-
facture/perforationofthebeadbodyandsubse-
quentlyondecorationtechnique.
Abeadbodycanbeasectionofadrawnglass
tube.Otherwise,moltenglasscanbewound
aroundarotatingmandreltoformabead.Glass
stripscanbefolded,orjoinedaroundamandrel
toformabead.Glasscanalsoberod-pierced
withamandrel.Smalldrawnglasstubeswere
heatedandthensegmentedbyrollingthemon
openmoldswithgroovedorcrenellatedsurfaces
(4.2.1).Segmentedtubeswerecutorsnappedat
intervalstoproducesingle-ormultiple-segment
beads.Theirendswereleftsharporhot-finished.
Asaresultofsegmentingonmolds,theshape
oftheperforationismoreorlessoblateandthe
beadopeningsarecontracted.Ratherthanbeing
segmentedonmolds,someheatedtubesseemto
havebeensegmentedbypinchingthetubeatreg-
ularintervalstoformabead.Drawnglasstubes,
whencold,couldalsobecutintobeads.Thispre-
servesthecylindricalshapeoftheperforation.
Theirendscanbeleftunworked(4.2.2)ortheyare
hot-finished(4.2.3).Otherwise,beadswereheat-
rounded(4.2.4).
Drawnglasscouldbemonochrome,com-
pound(twolayersortubesofglass),composite
(morethantwolayersofglass),metal-in-glass
(twolayersoftransparentglasswithmetalfoil
in-between),andstriped(withlongitudinal
stripes).Sectionsofmosaicglasscanewithaneye
patterncouldbeappliedtodrawnandsegmented
beads.Metal-in-glassbeadscouldbeadditionally
shapedintocollaredortabularbeads.Thelat-
tercouldhavegeometricand/orfigurativemotif
pressedontotheirsurfaces.
Woundbeadsweremadebywindingmolten
glassaroundamandrelintoglobularoroblate
forms(4.2.5).Theycouldbedecoratedwiththe
applicationofmosaicorstratifiedeyes.Stratified
eyesweremadeofafewglasslayers.Thewound
beadscouldalsobetrail-decorated.
Beadsthatexhibittracesofasingleseamwere
madeofaglassstripthatwasfoldedaroundarod
(4.2.6).Thestripcouldbemadeofmonochrome
ormosaicglass.Monochromefoldedglasscould
havebeendecoratedwithmosaiceyes.Joining
twoormorestripsaroundamandrelresultsin
twoormoreseams(4.2.7).Oftenthreemosaic-
glassstripswerejoinedtoformabead.
Forsomebeadsthetechniqueofmanufac-
tureremainsuncertain(4.2.8).Theywerecer-
tainlymadeusingamandrel,sotheyarecalled
mandrel-formed.Someofthemwereadditionally
marveredonaflatplategivingfacets.Otherbeads
weredecoratedwithmosaiceyes.
Monochromeandmosaicglasscouldbeper-
foratedthroughpiercingwithahotrodorarod
wasusedforheatedglass(4.2.9).Monochrome
rod-piercedbeadscouldbedecoratedwithmo-
saiceyes.
4.2TECHNIqUES,PROvENANCE,
PARALLELSANDDATING
Allbeadsamplesinthestudyarepresentedbe-
lowaccordingtothetechniquesofproduction
mentionedabove.Theyareillustratedinacatalog
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