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AgataBareja-Starzyńska,ByambaaRagchaaNotesontheSurvivalofBuddhism…
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createanantireligiousatmosphere,especiallyatthebeginning,inthe1920s.The
divisionandlabellingofmonksasacategoryofoppressorswasthereforeusedto
trytoencourageanticlericalsentiment.Inthisrespect,Mongoliawasfollowing
theexamplegivenbyStalin,sruleintheUSSR.
HighBuddhistincarnations,nowtermedfllamasnottobetrusted”,floppos-
inglamas”orflbigheads”(итг3лгYйламнар,3C3ргYYнламнар,томтолгой),
werethefirsttobedetained.Theordinarymonksweredividedaccordingto
theirranks:thegavj(гавж)4orscholarmonks,andtheagramba(аграмба)5or
flmiddle-statuslamas”(0ун0лам).Theywerealsoclassifiedaccordingtotheir
age,intogroupsagedbetween1–18,18–45andover45years,andintofldegree
holders”(мян0агтай),usuallymonasteryresidents,andthoseflwithoutdegrees”
(мян0аггYй),whowerenon-residents.6Allofthemwerereferredtoasflcoun-
ter-revolutionaries”(хувьCгалын3C3ргYYн)andflclassenemies”(ангийн0айCан).
Inthe1930sordinarymonkswereexpelledfromthemonasteriesandsecularized,
middle-statusmonkswereimprisonedinconcentrationcampsorprisons,and
highlamaswereexecuted(Erdenesaikhan2013:27f.).Between1921and1938
largenumbersoftheseso-calledflreactionaries”weretriedascriminalsandlike-
wiseexecuted.TheprocessbeganwithcasessuchasthatmadeagainstSajLam
Jamyandandzinin1921,andthecaseoffifteenpeople,includingPrimeMinister
DogsomynBodoo,in1922;theywereexecutedonfabricatedcharges(Sandag
andKendall2000:33;Erdenesaikhan2013:9–23;Byambaainprint).
Thecomingyearsbroughtfurtherterror.Afterthedeathofthe8thJetsun-
dampain1924thecommunistswereabletoactwithgreatervigour,underthe
increasinglydirectguidanceoftheComintern.TheMongolianstatebecamethe
MongolianPeople,sRepublic.Inthenewconstitutionissuedin1924,human
rights,includingfreedomofbelief,wereguaranteed,yettheguaranteeswere
notobserved.SpecialregulationsregardingBuddhistmonkswereissuedinthe
followingyears(Erdenesaikhan2013:26f.),butattheThirdCongressofthe
MPRPin1927thepartyreceivedinstructionsfromtheCominterntoeradicate
theBuddhistChurchentirely(Rupen1997:201).
Purgesbytheextremeleftstartedin1928andculminatedin1932(Erdene-
saikhan2013:34–51).Thepropertyofallflfeudallords”,includingmonasteries,
4Tib.dka!bcu–scholarlyrankinaBuddhistmonasticsystem(similartoaBachelor,s
degree).
5Tib.sngagsramspa–masterofTantricpractice.
6ItwascustomaryinMongoliaforsomemonks,calledbadarchin,afterafewyearsof
monasticeducation,tospendlittletimeinthemonasteries,otherthanoccasionallyfor
somereligiousfestivals,insteadbeingperipateticmonasticsonthesteppes.
