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AgataBareja-Starzyńska,ByambaaRagchaaNotesontheSurvivalofBuddhism…
wasconfiscated7andthefirst5-YearPlanwasimplemented.Batbayar(1999:
305)writes:
AccordingtoearlierresearchconductedbytheComintern,4.1%ofMongolia,s
populationand45.1%ofthetotallivestockpopulationwereclassifiedasflfeudal”.
SinceBuddhistmonasterieswereamongtherichestflfeudal”orproperty
ownersinthecountry,theirpropertyhadtobeconfiscatedandtheirestates
destroyed.
Atthattime14–15percentofthemainwealthofMongolia–livestock–wasthe
propertyofthemonasteriesandtemples(Batbayar1999:307).
Inviewofthis,thecollectivizationofstockbreederswasintroducedinthe
1930s(fordetailsseeBatbayar1999:307–308).Moreover,theChinesetraders
wereexpelledandaSoviettrademonopolywasimplemented.FearingaMon-
golian-Japanesealliance,thecommunistscloseddownbordermonasteries.At
theEighthPartyCongressin1930itwasdecidedthatmonksshouldleavethose
monasteriesandsecularize.Repressionstowardhighlamasintensified.
In1930,inthecaseknownasflAgainstthe38counter-revolutionaries”(38-ын
3C3ргYYх3р3г),manyimportantlamas,suchasEgüzerkhutagtGalsandash,Ikh
KhüreeniiNomchBiligtErdeneMergen,TsorjagrambaLuvsanchoinzin,Dilav
khutagtJamsranjav,andManzushrikhutagtTserendorj,wereaccusedandthe
majorityofthemsentencedtodeath(Tsogt-Ochir1992,Byambaa2013).Inthe
1930s,especiallyafterStalinhadfirmlyestablishedhisruleintheUSSRin1936,
MongoliafolloweddirectlytheSovietantireligiouspolicyandbeganforcing
monkstosecularize.Alreadyin1934,alawwasissuedbythegovernmental-
lowingmonkstogetmarried.8
TheGreatPurgestartedinSeptember1937.In1938itwasreportedtoStalin:
ByJuly20,outof771templesandmonasteries,615havebecomeashheaps.Today
only26arefunctioning.Outofthetotalof85,000lamas,only17,338remain.Those
whowerenotarrestedhavedecidedtoturnlay(Batbayar1999:363).
Thenumberofarrestedmonkswastoohighfortheovercrowdedprisons,so
massshootingwasthenorganized.Therewere,aswell,largenumbersofmonks
senttoSovietgulags(Batbayar1999:364).
Sincethe1990sMongolianshavestartedtopublishfiguresonthetrialsandmass
killingsofmonks.On25December1990,accordingtoPresidentialDecreeNo56,
7Intheconfiscationcampaignsflaccordingtoincompletedata9.7–10milliontögrögworth
ofpropertywasconfiscatedupuntilthespringof1932”(Batbayar1999:306).
8In1994thislawwaswavedbythePresidentofMongolia.SeeBareja-Starzyńskaand
Havnevik2006:225.
