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HISTORYOFARTHISTORY
INCENTRAL,EASTERNANDSOUTH-EASTERNEUROPE
VytautasLevandauskas
VytautasMagnusUniversity,Kaunas
Thehistoryofarchitectureinacademicworks
byprofessorsofVilnaUniversity
inthefirsthalfofthe19thcentury
ItisdifficulttoestablishwhenattheformerVilna
Universitytheresearchonthehistoryofarchitec-
turebeganorwhenitbecamethethemeofacadem-
icstudiesforthefirsttime.ItisknownthatVilna
Academyhadlecturesinarchitectureasearlyasthe
18thcentury,andthatitwasapartofmathemat-
icscourseevenbeforethattime.Ineithercourse,
studentscouldgainknowledgeoftheworksby
VitruviusandtheRenaissancetheoreticians.They
analyzedthesizesandproportionsofparticular
styles,itisdoubtful,however,thattheyconsistently
andthoroughlystudiedthedevelopmentofarchi-
tecture.Between1773and1774,twocourseson
architecturewerelecturedattheVilnaAcademy:
1)architectonicsand2)appliedarchitecture.This
situationwastheresultofmisunderstandingsbe-
tweenMaciejKisielewski,anex-Jesuit,andMarcin
Knakfusaboutthepositionofprofessor.Finally,
theformer,havinglesspracticalexperience,settled
forarchitectonics.Wedonotknowthecurriculum
forthiscourse.Itispossiblethatinrealityitwasthe
historyofarchitecture1,butsuchstatementraises
seriousdoubts.Moreprobably,itwasatheoretical
course,withreferencestoAntiquityandRenais-
sance,characteristicforthearchitectsoftheera
ofClassicism.Severalyearslater,duetotheafore-
1Urbonas(1992:142).
mentionedmisunderstandings,bothprofessorsof
VilnaAcademylecturedarchitectureinterchange-
ably;unfortunately,nooutlinesofthoselectures
survivedtoourtimes.Between1787and1793,
architecturewasnotamongacademiccourses.
Hardlyanydataisavailableontherelationsof
WawrzyniecGucewiczwiththehistoryofarchi-
tecture;themanuscriptofhislecturesthatwasin
thecollectionoftheNationalMuseuminWarsaw
waslostduringtheSecondWorldWar.Historiog-
raphersclaimthatGucewicz)slectureprogramwas
dominatedbyvariousaspectsofaestheticsandde-
sign.Apartfromthat,itisassumedthatduringhis
studiesinRomebetween1776and1777Gucewicz
publishedasmallbookonarchitectureinItalian.
Nevertheless,suchpublicationcouldnotbelocated
onbibliographicallistsorinlibraries2.
Towardstheendofthe18thcentury,courses
withlong-standingtradition,rhetoricandpoet-
ics,weresupplementedbytheknowledgeabout
historyofart.ProfessorFilipNereuszGolański,in
theprogramofthecoursehelectured,committed
himselftodiscussmostfamousartistsoftheantiq-
uity:painters,sculptors,architects,andengineers.
Apartfromthat,ProfessorGolańskiexplainedthe
waylanguagesandpaintingwerehelpfulinunder-
2Budreika(1993:17).
