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Introduction
intellectualpropertyprotection.Tediscussionbeginswithacharacteriza-
tionandclassificationofso-calledflexibilitiesprovidedforintheTRIPS
Agreement,whichallowforadaptingitsstandardsofprotectiontolocal
conditionsandneeds.Ten,wediscussthecrucialissuesofinterpretation
andimplementationoftheTRIPSAgreementprovisions,inparticularin
connectionwiththeadoptionofthe2001DeclarationonTRIPSandPublic
Health.Subsequently,wedescribeotherwaystoincreaseaccesstomedicinal
productswithintheTRIPSAgreementstandardsofintellectualproperty
protection.Teseincludeexclusionfrompatentability,fairuseofother
people’sinventions,compulsorylicensing,parallelimports,ordeferring
theobligationtoapplythetreatynorms.Aseparatesectionisdevotedto
thenatureandprospectsofcooperationinthisfieldoftheWorldTrade
Organizationwithotherentities,inparticularwiththeWorldIntellectual
PropertyOrganizationandtheWorldHealthOrganization.Practicalop-
portunitiestopromoteaccesstomedicinalproductsarepresentedusing
theexampleoftheworld’slargestmanufacturerofgenericdrugs-India.
Chapterthreecontainsananalysisoftherelevantstandardsofinter-
nationalbilateralandmultilateralagreementsthatmakeupthesystemof
treatiescontainingsolutionsthatgobeyondtheexistingstandardsadopted
attheWorldTradeOrganization,andthuscalledTRIPS-plusagreements.
Intheaforementionedscope,wefocusedprimarilyonliberalizingbilateral
tradeagreementsconcludedbytheUSAandtheregulationsofthenotorious
Anti-CounterfeitingTradeAgreement(ACTA)aswellastheTrans-Pacific
PartnershipAgreement(TPP).
Chapterfourhasconsiderationsonaccesstomedicinalproductsas
acomponentoftheinternationalsystemofhumanrightsprotection,par-
ticularlyasregardstotherightofthehighestattainablestandardofhealth.
Forthispurpose,wediscussthemostimportantresponsibilitiesofcountries
inthatregardandemphasizetheimportanceofthevaluesunderpinning
humanrightsprotectionaswellasthecontentsofthecommitmentsinthis
fieldfortheprocessofinterpretationandimplementationofthestandards
oftheTRIPSAgreementonaccesstomedicines.
