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Chapter10
Internationaltrade
intheglobaleconomy
1010Teimpactofmacroeconomictrendsoninternationaltrade
Intensificationoftraderelationsandmanufacturingcooperationbetweendifferent
countriesisoneofthemostdistinctivefeaturesresultingfromchangesintheglobal
economy.Tisprocess,knownastheinternationalizationoftheeconomy,hascon-
tributedtoadynamicgrowthofforeigntradeandconsolidationofnationalecon-
omies.Tisphenomenon,whichhasbeengainingspeedsincethemid–1970s,has
generatedanewqualityintheprocessofinternationalizationofeconomicgrowth,
knownasglobalization1.
Internationalizationandglobalizationhavecometoformthebasisforthepre-
sent-dayeconomicrelations.Teworldeconomycurrentlycomprisesasystemof
productive,technological,technical,commercial,financialandinstitutionalrela-
tionsbetweencountriesonvariouslevelsofsocialandeconomicdevelopment.Te
modernworldisbecomingincreasinglymoreopenbut,atthesametime,complex.
Teexchangeofinformationaswellascirculationofgoods,peopleandcapitalhas
becomeconsiderablyfaster.AccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),
economicglobalizationisahistoricalprocesswhichstemsfrominnovationand
technologicalprogressandcausescountriestobecomeincreasinglyinterdependent
onaglobalscale,inparticularthroughariseinthevolumeofcommoditytradeand
cashflows2.Globalizationnotonlyposesthreatsbutalsoopensupnewopportuni-
tiesforinterconnectedeconomies3.Tisphenomenonhasturnedouttobeadynam-
ic,complexandmultifacetedone,involvingnotonlytheeconomy,butalsopolitics,
culture,socialrelationsandecologicalaspects.Onaneconomiclevel,globaliza-
tionreferstotheprocessofexpandingandstrengtheningmutualrelationsbetween
countriesandregionsasaresultofthegrowingmobilityofthemeansofproduction,
newlyavailableformsofeconomiccooperation,andincreasinglyactivetransnation-
alcorporations4.Aconsequenceofthisisthattheexistingtiesbetweencompanies,
marketsandentireeconomiesaretightenedandnewonesarecreated.Tisprocess
1See:J.E.Stiglitz,Globalizacja,tłum.H.Simbierowicz,PWN,Warszawa2004,p.26.
2See:Globalisation.TreatorOpportunity?,InternationalMonetaryFund,IMFStaffPaper,Washing-
ton2002.
3D.Rodrik,OneEconomics,ManyRecipes:Globalization,Institutions,andEconomicGrowth,Princeton
UniversityPress,Princeton2007,p.196.
4OECDHandbookonEconomicGlobalizationIndicators,OECD,Paris2005,p.11.
