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26
FOREWORD
the19
th
centurystrongcritiqueofthepositionofpopularscience,then
punishment,whichisthecentralcategoryofthecriminallaw
accordingtoCieślak,shouldnotbetheorisedfromageneralpointof
view,butwithgreatregardtodetail.Itisnotlikelythatthe
interpretationofsubstantivecriminallawwillencompassabroader
presentationofgeneraltheoryonpunishment;however,itseemsthat
thereshouldbeaplacefortheoreticstudiesonsubstantialcategories
ofthecriminallawinthatparticularbranchofscience.Evenacertain
declineininterestinthetheoryofpunishmentinmanywestern
countriesinthe20
th
centuryhasbeenparadoxicallyconnectedwith
thegeneralcriticismofthetheoreticfoundationsofpenalties
criticismofthetheoryofpunishment(thatis,ofcertaintheoretic
concepts)expressedbyadvocatesofdifferent,andveryoftencritical
theoriesofpunishment.
Ifsomeoneholdsacriticalopiniontowardstheimplementationof
punishment,themostefficientcourseofactionforthemwouldbeto
presentacriticaltheoryofpunishmentwhichshouldincludeserious
andreasonedargumentsthatwouldjustifytheirpointofview.
Simpleobservationsonrulingandimplementationofcertainformsof
punishmentarenotsufficient.Reformsinmoderncriminaljustice
systemsarerelatedtothechangesinthemostgeneraltheoretic
outlookonpunishmentfromwhichwederiveaseriesofpracticaland
veryspecificsolutions.SimilarlytotherecentsituationinEngland,
thosereformsconcernchangesinthebasesforpenaltyimplementa-
tionincourt,changesofnamesofmanycriminallawinstitutions,
creationofnewformsofpenaltiesandchangeswithintheprogramof
educationforcriminallawofficers.Thosechangesareveryoften
triggeredbythefactthatadifferent,colloquiallyspeaking,
flphilosophyofpunishment”orideologyhasbecomepopular;they
alsotakeplaceduringfiercetheoreticdebatesduringwhichtheyare
discussed,whenthemostgeneraltheoriesarebeinganalysedfrom
themostdetailedperspective.Resultsofsuchdebatescanpotentially
haveahugeinfluenceonmanysocialaspectsincludingtheissueof
humanrightsandlibertyandmanyotherdetailedmattersofcriminal
law,theoreticaswellaspractical.Thereis,ofcourse,anopen
questionoftowhatextentscienceviewedasadisciplineorviewed