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Foreword
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withregardstoitssubjectmattercanactuallyhaveinfluenceonthe
enactmentorapplicationofthecriminallawjustice.Thatissue
shouldbethesubjectofpenologicalstudies.Wecannotevadetalking
abouttheinfluenceofvariousfactors,whichfromthescientific
perspectiveareseenasreality-distorters,wheninfact,theyshapethe
penalsystem;andwecannottalkaboutthetheoryofpunishmentas
thoughthosefactorsdidnotexist.Itisimportanttoknowwhatkinds
offactorsthereareandwhatinfluencetheymayhave,therefore,itis
importanttoanalysethemwithinthefieldofpenology,since
revealingtheproblemmightbethefirststeptowardspositive
changesinthesocialandlegalorder.
Manycontemporaryacademicspointtothefactthatold
classificationsofpunishmentraisemanydoubtsandquestions.
Takingintoaccountnumerousexistingstreamsofpenalthought
andtheintensedebateontheoreticfoundationsofpenaltiesthathave
beenomnipresentintherecentliteratureonpenology,wewould
agreethatthoseshouldbeagreatmotivationforfindingnewforms
ofrepresentationoftheoreticissues,includingtheclassificationof
numerousconceptsofpunishmentsanditsalternatives.Inpenolo-
gicalinterpretations,weobserveaneedforageneralclassificationof
variousimportantpenologicalstreamsandconceptsthathavean
influenceonmanypractical,detailedmattersoffunctioningof
punishment,whichisoneofthemostcrucialcategoriesofthe
criminallaw.Evolutionofmodernclassificationsofthetheoryof
punishmentmayhaveanimportanteffectonresearchandonthe
interpretationofthefoundationsofthesubstantivecriminallaw,
whichregulatetheimplementationofpunishment.
1.2.Principlesofthemodernpenologicalclassification
ofthetheoryofpunishment
Thecriteriaforanewclassificationofthepenalthoughtthatwehave
adoptedherecanbedefinedascognitive.Theclassificationisdone
withinthefieldofpenology,orinterdisciplinarylegalandsocial
studiesofpunishment.Thoseareconductedmostlyfortheneedsof