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FOREWORD
thecriminallawscienceandcorrectfunctioningofthejudicature.
Theclassificationistreatedasatoolwhichfacilitatestheacquisition
andsystematisationofknowledge.Atleastadozenvariousand
differingconceptsofpunishmentaredistinguishedinthecriminal
lawscienceandinpenology.Theyaregroupedforthepurposeofthis
bookincertaincategories.Thecategorisationplaysanimportantrole
intheshapingofthesystemandinresearch,asitallowsustodefine
andnameimportantissuesinquestion.
Thecontextinwhichwearedealingwiththeconceptof
punishmentisofhighimportance,too.Usingthetechnique
ofhermeneuticanalysisweareabletoappreciatethesignificance
ofeventsandtexts,which,beyondabroadrelationtowhatour
knowledgeofthematteris,wouldbeincomprehensible.Onsome
occasions,welearnmorefromthewaycertainmattersarebeing
interpretedwithinthefieldofresearch,thanfromthemereanalysis
oftheresultsoftheresearch.Take,forexample,today,sinterpreta-
tionofKant,stheoryofpunishmentpresentinEdmundKrzymuski,s
work
11
.WelearnmoreaboutKrzymuski,sownviewsandtimesthan
aboutKanthimself,whosephilosophyweanalysenowadaysthrough
adifferentsystemofreferences.Itisnothardtonoticethatinmany
viewsonpunishment,inalmostalllegislationsandjuridicalpractice
wecanfindtracesofvarious,veryoftenoppositeconceptsof
punishment.TheissuewasillustratedbyJuliuszMakarewiczwho
saidthatfl[...]theproblemofretributiveorrehabilitativecharacterof
punishmenthasbeenthewarpandweftofthecivilisationthroughout
itshistory”
12
.Allclassificationofthetheoryofpunishmentisjustatool
allowingustobringorderintotheinterpretationsandintothehuman
thought.Placingacertainconceptofpunishmentunderacertain
categoryisontheonehandconventional,whichdoesnotmeanthatit
11
See:E.Krzymuski,TeoryakarnaKantazestanowiskajegoogólnejnauki
orozumiepraktycznym,[in:]RozprawyiSprawozdaniazposiedzeńWydziału
Historyczno-filozoficznegoAkademiiUmiejętności,t.16,JagiellonianUniversityPress
underthemanagementofIgn.Stelel,apublicationofthePolishAcademyof
Learning,Cracow1883.
12
J.Makarewicz,Prawokarneogólne,Cracow,Frommer1914,p.23.