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Introduction
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usedforthewritingsubtest,withanalyticscoringwouldimprovescoringreli-
abilityandtheextenttowhichintroducingthelatterwouldectanypractical
aspectsoftheassessmentprocess.Tenextchapterreferstothesamestudy
aspresentedbyLeńko-Szymańskaetal.JolantaSujecka-ZającandRadosław
Kucharczykpresenttheresultsofthequalitativepartofthisstudy,reporting
onraters)perceptionsofthescoringoftheEnglishB2levelwritingsubtest.In
thelastpaperinthispartofthevolume,MonikaSobejkoraisestheissueofthe
validityofexaminationtasksusedtoassesstheproficiencyofastudent)soral
performance.Teauthorpresentsananalysisoftwopairedtasks:asimulated
discussionandaproblem-solvingtask,whichhavebeendevelopedtoenhance
theconstructofthespeakingtestcurrentlyusedattheJagiellonianLanguage
CentreattheJagiellonianUniversity.
Tethirdthematicpartofthevolumeisdevotedtoproficiencycertification
inselectedforeignlanguages.ItopenswithapaperbyAgnieszkaKarolczuk,in
whichtheauthordescribesherexperienceincertifyingPolishasaforeignlan-
guage.SheanalysesthecharacteristicsofthePolishlanguageusedintesttasks,
indicatingadissonancebetweenstandardlanguageandlanguageuse.Inthe
nextchapter,MartaKaliskadiscussesthecertificationoflanguageproficiencyin
Italianasaforeignlanguage.Shepresentstheunderlyingprinciplesofthefour
ItalianlanguagecertificationexamseredbyItalianeducationalandcultural
institutions,drawingattentiontothosethatbestsuittheneedsofuniversity
students.TenextarticlediscussesthetestingofRussianasaforeignlanguage.
BarbaraWalczak-SroczyńskaandSergeyKhvatovrefertotheirexperiencein
certifyinglanguageproficiencyattheUniversityofWarsaw,criticallyexamining
thelexico-grammaticaltasksincludedintheRussianlanguageexaminationsat
theC1andC2levels.
Tenexttwochaptersaredevotedtothecertificationoflanguageproficiency
inorientalandlesswidelytaughtlanguages.IntherstpaperAngelikaAdam-
czykpresentsthedifcultiesinconstructingsuchtests,elucidatingthediscrep-
anciesthatexistbetweenthemethodologicalbasesofteachingHebrewandthe
CEFRlanguageproficiencylevelsappliedbytheUniversityofWarsaw)scerti-
cationexaminations.Telastchapterinthispart,writtenbyKamilaStanek,
raisestheissueoftheculturalspecificityoftheTurkishlanguageinthecontext
oforalinteractionandtheproblemsgeneratedbytestingtheuseofcourtesy
formsduringthecertificationexamsconductedattheUniversityofWarsaw.
Tefourthpartofthepublication,consistingoftwoarticles,concernsthe
certificationofproficiencyinwhatiscommonlyreferredtoaslanguagesfor