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Labialsanddorsalsincross-theoreticalperspective
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pointsoutthatdorsalharmonyinvolvesonlyvelarsanduvulars;hence,only
thesesub-placesshouldbeincludedinthedorsalclass.Itfollowsthatdespite
thegeneralagreementonthemajorplacefeaturesdetectableinsegmentalthe-
ories,thereisanongoingdebateovervariousinteractionsamongsuchplaces
ofarticulation.Asforthelater,therearetwooppositeapproachesfoundin
theliterature.Onesupportstheviewthatthereisnorelationshipbetweenthe
placesofarticulation.Thesecondarguesthecontrary,pointingoutthatsome
oftheplacesofarticulationdoenterintoacloserrelationshipwitheachother.
Thesecondapproachisnotunanimousandisfurtherdividedintotwocamps.
AsUfman(2011:648)observes,onecampassumesthatlabialsanddorsals,
totheexclusionofcoronals,aregroupedtogetherunderthefeature[grave]
or[peripheral](e.g.,Rice1993;RiceandAvery1993).Theothercampmain-
tainsthatjustbecausecoronalsanddorsals,totheexclusionoflabials,are
specifiedbythefeature[lingual],theyshouldconstituteaphonologicalclass
(e.g.,Rubach1993;KeyserandStevens1994;Lombardi1996).Additionally,Uf-
man(2011:648)pointsoutthatthethirdpossibility,whichgroupstogether
coronalsandlabialsbymeansofthefeature[anterior],hasbeencriticized
andfinallydiscardedbymostresearchers.Cruciallyforushere,whilethere
existsalargebodyofrobustevidenceforanintimaterelationshipbetween
labialsanddorsals(e.g.,Jakobsonetal.1952;JakobsonandHalle1956;Hyman
1973;Campbell1974;Odden1978;Rice1994;Hall1997,amongmanyothers),
theclassofcoronalsanddorsalsismuchlessmotivated:theevidencecomes
mostlyfromconsonant-vowelinteractions.Theabovefindingsarerepeatedly
confirmedbyvariousnewdatabaseswhichinformusofacloseintimacybe-
tweenlabialsandvelars.Forexample,BackleyandNasukawa(2009:6)point
outthattheUPSIDdatabase(UCLAPhonologicalSegmentInventoryData-
base)records60languageswithlabializedvelarsbutonly2withlabialized
coronals.
Itshouldbementionedherethateventhoughthediscussionconcerningthe
interactionofplacesofarticulationandtheirgroupingintoclasseshasalways
beenpresentintheliterature,muchoftheworkhasbeendonewithinthefea-
turegeometryframework(seeSection4.1).However,inrecentyears,alongwith
thedevelopmentofnewsegmentaltheories,thisissuegainedanewimpetus.It
ispresenteveninOptimalityTheory(OT)(PrinceandSmolensky1993),which,
inprinciple,isatheoryofphonologicalalternationsandlinguisticvariation
ratherthanatheoryoftheinternalstructureofsegments;inOTtherepresen-
tationofphonologicalprimitivesismostlydismissed.ButeventheserareOT
atemptspointtotheconclusionthatdorsalsandlabials,totheexclusionofcor-
onals,aregroupedtogether.Forexample,deLacy(2006)proposesmarkedness
constraintsontheplaceofarticulation.Asaresult,hisfaithfulnessconstraints,
thatis,*dorsal>>*dorsal,labial>>*dorsal,labial,coronal>>*dorsal,labial,coronal,
laryngeal,supporttheviewofacloserrelationbetweenlabialsanddorsalsin
