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Biasinpublication
Benign:1.(ofatumour)onethatdoesnotinvadenormaltissueorrecurafterremoval;
2.non-cancerous;cf.malignant.łagodny(nowotwór)
Benzo[a]pyrene(B[a]P):potentmutagenandcarcinogen;haspossiblenegativeeffectson
industrialworkers,asanenvironmentalpollutant,anasacomponentoftobaccosmoke;
cf.polycyclicaromatichydrocarbonates.benzoapiren
Beriberi:illnesscausedbysevereprolongeddeficiencyofvitaminB1thatresultsinanum-
berofheart,gastrointestinal,andnervoussystemsymptoms.beriberi
Berm:slopedwallorembankment(typicallyconstructedofearth,haybales,ortimberfram-
ing)usedtopreventinfloworoutflowofmaterialinto/fromanarea.wałochronny
Bernoullidistribution:probabilitydistributionofabinaryvariable.rozkładBernoulliego
(dwumianowy)
Bernoullitrials:sequenceofindependenteventsallhavingthesameprobability;theevents
andtheircomplementsareusuallycalledsuccessandfailure,respectively.próbyBernoulliego
Bestavailableevidence:evidencethatisjudgedtobethemostreliableandconclusiveunder
givencircumstances.najlepszedostępnedowody
Bestfit:linethathasthesmallestdeviationfromtheregressionline.najlepszeprzybliżenie
Bestintereststandard:whatisinthebestinterestofthepatient;decision-makingstandard
tobeappliedwhenaseriouslyinjuredpatient’sactualpreferencesareunknownorwhenthe
patienthasneverhaddecision-makingcapacity,e.g.aminororpersonwithmentalretarda-
tion.zgodnieznajlepszyminteresempacjenta
Bestpractice(orgoodpractice):processormethodologythathasbeenprovedtoworkwell
andproducegoodresults,andisthereforerecommendedasamodel;someprefertousethe
termgoodpracticeasitisdebatablewhethertherecanbeasinglebestapproachinallcon-
texts.dobra/najlepszapraktyka
Between-subjecteffects:comparisonofexperimentalresultsinwhichtheattributesbeing
comparedbelongtodifferentsubjects;cf.within-subjecteffects.efektymiędzyosobnicze
Beveridgesystem:NHSsystemfinancedthroughcentralorregionaltaxation,usuallycover-
ingallinhabitants/residents;scopeofservicesrenderedisidenticalforeverypersoncovered
andmostservicesareofferedbypublicinstitutions;systemofsocialsecurityandhealth
servicesbasedontheBeveridgeReportinEnglandandWales(1943).systemBeveridge’a
Bias(systematicerror):1.deviationofresultsorinferencesfromneutrality,orprocesseslead-
ingtosuchdistortion.błądsystematyczny,obciążeniewyniku;cf.referralfilterbias,selection
bias2.inclinationthatinfluencesjudgment,butoughtnotto(prejudice).uprzedzenie
Biasinpublication:preferenceforpublishingparticularfindings,e.g.positiveresults,which
leadstofailureofauthorstosubmitnegativeorinconclusivefindingsforpublicationorfailure
ofeditorstopublishreportswithsuchfindings,whichmaydistortthegeneralopinionabout
whathasbeendemonstratedinaparticularsituation;cf.publicationbias.błądpublikacji
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